Introduction to Business and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Introduction to Business and Finance - Essay Example Accounting scandals is becoming a norm with a number of recent accounting scandals that come into sight each year. These accounting scandals has shaken the economy and costed the stakeholders a great deal. In the last couple of years a few most talked about scandals were Enron, WorldCom, Barings, Parmalat and Hollinger, where billions of dollars accounting fraud happened. Not only did the corporations and accounting firms came into question but also the performance of stock exchanges, rating agencies, financial journalists, bankers and lawyers was questioned (Richard Dyson). These scandals have resulted in firms closing, thousands of people being jobless and many losing money in stocks, apart from the stock exchange crash. Public trust in the accounting and reporting procedures has been shattered. People are especially reluctant to invest their money in stocks, which results in stock exchange fall. Corporate Goverance is responsible to manage certain laws in the corporation and if not done effectively can result in loss for the firm. Corporate Governace in the firms is highly blamed when talking about the financial scandals. As cases of scandals, bankruptcy, accounting frauds are unfolding, the concern over the transparency of the financial reports is increasing. "All these companies used financial gimmicks to inflate their cash flow and profits in order to jack up their share prices and thus accumulate wealth. The investors are confronted with large, well-known companies, disappearing almost overnight. In the process not only small investors but supposedly smart, sophisticated investors have been fooled as well" (B. S. Rao). Many CEOs, CFOs and other related officers have been acquitted or are under trial as a result. One example of this is the recent indictment of Jeffrey Skilling, who was given lifetime prison and has to pay $80 million in fines (CNNMoney). Not only this th e stocks of these firms have gone to decline and now no more exists. The outcome of the other scandals is not different as well. The government after all this chaos has been active in taking some steps to stop these practices. In this regard the Securities and Exchange Comission is responsible for ensuring the transparency in the company. Steps are taken to guarantee proper monitoring of management and all the included pesonnel. Accounting Profession Although most of the accounting firms claim that their duty was only to review the finances, but the indictment of Arthur Anderson has led a question to the credibility of these firms. In this regard the the watchdog role of the auditors comes into question. The firms are now accused of overcharging in order to make the report much more attractive in order to gain profits and rise the stock prices. A report says that the "US government loses over $300 billion each year due to organized tax avoidance" prepared by the accountancy firms (Prem Sikka). There were days when the transparency of the markets highly depended on the accounting firms. Today people and investors have grown suspicious towards their perforamance. Here a question of how to regain the lost pride lies ahead of them. Other Factors Apart from blaming the corporations and the accountants for these scandals, certain other factors are to be blamed as well. These ould be the financial jouranalists, the lawyers

Implications of Complementary Jurisdiction in International Law Essay

Implications of Complementary Jurisdiction in International Law - Essay Example At the same time, the Trinidad and Tobago delegation’s proposal was not new because there draft criminal tribunal statutes in 1951 and 1953. The Rome Statute of the ICC is an important document establishing the International Criminal Court. The Statute was entered into force in 2002. One important principle in the Rome Statute of the ICC is the principle of complementary jurisdiction. The principle of complementary jurisdiction or â€Å"complementarity principle† means that the International Criminal Court, hereinafter simply called as the â€Å"Court†, â€Å"can only investigate and prosecute core international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide) when national jurisdiction are unable or unwilling to do so genuinely.† Morten Bergsmo contrasted complementary jurisdiction from universal jurisdiction. According to Morten, universal jurisdiction â€Å"is a jurisdictional basis of last resort which a number of national crime justice system provide for, when core international crimes can not be prosecuted on the basis of the principle of territoriality (in the state where the crimes occurred), active nationality (in the state of the alleged perpetrator) or passive nationality (in the state of the victim).† According to Bergsmo, â€Å"in its pure form, universal jurisdiction enables the prosecution of core international crimes committed in a foreign state, by a foreign citizen, against foreign victims, when neither has a personal link to the forum state.†... the state of the alleged perpetrator) or passive nationality (in the state of the victim).†3 According to Bergsmo, â€Å"in its pure form, universal jurisdiction enables the prosecution of core international crimes committed in a foreign state, by a foreign citizen, against foreign victims, when neither has a personal link to the forum state.† 4 Nevertheless, universal jurisdiction â€Å"plays a small, but very significant, role in the new and still developing framework of international criminal law.†5 Hall said that universal jurisdiction performs at least two important roles in complementary jurisdiction: as a catalyst for investigations and prosecutions both at the national and international levels and for addressing impunities that cannot be addressed by complementary jurisdiction alone.6 II. Complementary Jurisdiction as Implied in the Rome Statute of the ICC The notion of complementary jurisdiction has been a concerned in the last 20 years.7 Based on the wor k of Oscar Solera, the notion of complementary jurisdiction emerged because punishment of international crimes is essential to world peace but it is not only the international court that has the jurisdiction and competence to try criminals but also the domestic courts.8 According to Solera, the question of complementary jurisdiction was only addressed â€Å"in depth† since the 1980s. The issue of complementary jurisdiction was one of the thorny points in the creation of the international criminal court as it was included several times in the agenda â€Å"but was not taken up by any specific working group in its agenda and was thus left to the Committee of the Whole.†9 Solera pointed out that the concept of complementary jurisdiction â€Å"was finally accepted as proposed by the Preparatory Committee and explicitly

Computerised Hotel Maintenance Systems

Computerised Hotel Maintenance Systems I intend to develop a computerised Hotel maintenance system for Global Grange Hotel. The proposed system would help to organise manage the Maintenance department in an efficient manner in order to minimize the drawbacks of the current system. The main entities that I have taken into account are the ordering up to date stock, up to date problem solves, History of problems and suppliers. The new system will enhance the Hotel ability to provide more efficient services for their day to day work. This consumes a vast amount of time and still there is a question of accuracy. Suppliers who send the parts and maintenance components are not computerized therefore it is very difficult to order and problems record or to update a certain record. Backup data involves an enormous amount of paper work, which in turn results in inefficiency. I have chosen a well-known hotel as our Global Grange Hotel. I visited the Grange hotel several times in order to gain a through understanding on how it managed and how work is being carried out within the current maintenance system. A huge amount work is done manually. In this hotel have a problem with storage space according to maintenance department has to verify a special area to maintain their backup and other data. Including more paper works and documents such as agreements, purchase orders etc. This is very inconvenient for the management of the hotel maintenance department. In the system that i developed there will be no manual transactions. Every single detail is computerized. Therefore it would be a highly efficient, well maintained and the operations would be fast and reliable. It would minimize all the drawbacks of the current semi computerized system. There are many details that we should be concerned with when we develop a computerized system, such as the amount of computers and peripheral equipment needed for the new system, the employees who need to be trained to work within a computerized environment and all other traits needed to manipulate an organization to give out its best. INVESTIGATE PHASE The investigation phase is also known as the fact-finding stage or the analysis of the current system. This is a detailed study conducted with the purpose of wanting to fully understand the existing system and to identify the basic information requirements. In my investigation, analyse of the current system, fully understand the existing manual system and basic information requirements. Investigate the current system Ill visit to the grange hotel and Speak to head of maintenance, maintenance staff, people who order spare parts and ask what they required. HOW IT WORKS For the maintenance management system, following key elements must be included. In Stock management maintenance staff needs to know up to date stock, suppliers details, add suppliers, update schedules and problem history. In this situation, proposing a hotel management system include more option namely, stock management, suppliers, update etc. Figure1: Sample user interface (http://www.top4download.com/service-master/screenshot-mkbeikbu.html) A thorough investigation was done in every effected aspect when determining whether the purposed system is feasible enough to be implemented. I found main problems in the global grange hotel and I describe in below. Problem Status Currently hotel maintenance staffs are doing in manually. Normally they put a docket with the description of the problem and maintenance department has to check every time what are the problem need to be attended and resolved. Once the maintenance personal completed a relevant job, he will be informed to the department which raised the problem. Stock Management In the maintenance department have to check their stock every week and order them self. Some times they fail to find the part or the supplier who sell the product. Update schedule Update schedule is the other problem for maintenance. They have to archive some tasks. Some are every month and some are yearly. Most of the time they forget to do those goals. Problem history Mostly in head of maintenance wants to know the problem history. Eg: Room 111 had an Air condition problem. They have to verify the history of each unit was. Then maintenance can do the proper solution for that. The Global Grange hotel maintenance system is currently handling their daily operations manually. There is a high rate of bureaucracy within the organization. The hotel is presently handling the maintenance records manually therefore the problems currently faced by the hotel are as follows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The amount of paperback involved is high. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The turnaround time for obtaining information to make decisions is highly time consuming. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lack of efficiency. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Error rate is high in a manually functioning organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The tendency to lose important documents is high. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No backup data in a manual system, even if the organization keeps backup data records there will be a problem of space and data redundancy. 1.1.1.4 SYSTEM HISTORY In my research i found history of hotel maintenance systems which using for maintaining their current systems. Including key elements and basics functions. What is the CMMS? Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS) are software packages designed to help you manage the maintenance of your facilities, buildings, and assets, which includes equipment. With this software, you collect information including workforce, tasks, time, and costs in a central database, and use that data to improve your daily and long-term maintenance operations. Facilities using CMMS system include: manufacturing plants hospitals schools and universities federal, state and local governments hotels real estate organizations retirement communities How Is Functionality Provided? Software is designed to be flexible. You need to be able to use a CMMS with the right functionality to meet your specific needs. With its basic features, options, and customizations, gives you the functionality that makes the most sense for your organization. The Basics Maintenance Management software includes basic functionality such as: automating work orders scheduling preventive maintenance controlling parts inventories creating purchase orders easily accessing needed reports Contract management, simplified work orders, and easy admin options for web requests and handhelds are also included. Many customers also use specific features for setting automatic alerts, and viewing maintenance histories. Its also simple to memorize and recall standard tasks, and manage warranties, suppliers, and vendors. (http://blog.mintek.com/Enterprise_Asset_Management/?Tag , www.insight-jo.com/index_files/Page1255.htm ) 1.1.1.5 Technology Normally for Hotel Maintenance system they use web applications and desk top applications. Developing these kind of systems front ends mostly they use web pages from html, xml and for the desk top application using visual basics, visual basics.net etc. For the back ends them using sql, my sql, oracle and access database. Technology for the maintenance management system, we have to use small network with the server and two three work stations. Install to the main server and workstations for the users. System database working with the server and its update every time. Using Visual basic.net for the inventory system, we can apply for system user interfaces. Also can create login, administrator and for the users. From this software can develop forms according to our system and its easy to use for the users. For the system back ends normally they use sql, my sql and ms access. If we use these software to back end, need to create our database according to requirements. Visual Basic (VB) is a programming environment from Microsoft in which a programmer uses a graphical user interface (GUI) to choose and modify preselected sections of code written in the BASIC programming language (http://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/Visual-Basic) Microsoft Access is the database application from the Microsoft Office Suite of applications. It is a powerful personal database and data manipulation tool that is also widely used in many small businesses ( http://www.xcent.com/Glossary/Microsoft_Access) Conclusion Upon developing the proposed fully computerised maintenance system for Global Grange Hotel allows its maintenance personals to obtained the daily work scheduled which includes the fault and routine tasks, Maintenance supervisors and all relevant departments who log faults to track the status of faults and provide feedback or to escalate. Also Hotel management to monitor the ongoing maintenance issues and importantly the finance department can see the purchase requested and states of relevant payments to different suppliers. This will provide effective, reliable, efficient maintenance system which solved current ineffective, inefficient, highly time consuming, and complex procedures. Also implementing this system will dramatically reduce the usage of the paper work will give an opportunity to a step forward, towards Global Grange Hotels eco-friendly pledge.

Grendel :: essays research papers fc

The clash between good and evil has been a prominent theme in literature. The Bible presents the conflict between good and evil in the story of Adam and Eve. Many authors use the scene in the Bible in which the snake taunts and tempts Adam and Eve to take a bite of the apple of knowledge to demonstrate the frailty of humankind. John Gardner provides these same biblical allusions of good and evil in his novel, Grendel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Grendel’s archenemies is the human. Humans refuse to look beyond Grendel’s unattractive exterior, and spend most of their days trying to kill Grendel. One night when Grendel is watching their mead hall, he sees them â€Å"treating their sword-blades with snake’s venom†(Gardner 29). Another conflict between humans and serpents develops when Grendel is watching the Shaper for the first time. As he listens, he â€Å"snatche[s] up a snake from beside [his] foot†(40), and holds it in his fist as he listens to the Shaper sing. The snake represents the deceptive weaving of history that the Shaper performs in Hrothgar’s mead hall. Grendel interacts with one of the priests, Ork, in the circle of Gods, by pretending to be the Great Destroyer. Ork predicts that the Great Destroyer will eventually fall, foreshadowing Grendel’s battle with Beowulf. Ork tells his fellow priests about his conversation with the Great Destroy er, but they just â€Å"look down at him as they would at a wounded snake†(118). In Grendel’s eyes, all humans are evil, because they refuse to take the time to understand him. Because of this, Grendel battles the humans throughout the novel until one of them finally takes his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only human brave and strong enough to defeat Grendel was the powerful Geat, Beowulf. Grendel watches Beowulf and his band of Geats land their ships on the shores of Hrothgar’s kingdom. Grendel observes Beowulf speaking to the coastguard, and notices that Beowulf’s eyes are â€Å"slanted downward, never blinking, unfeeling as a snake’s†(135). Grendel’s observations about Beowulf’s destructiveness are proven true as he engages in mortal combat with the Geat. When Beowulf takes hold of Grendel’s arm, Grendel feels as if Beowulf’s â€Å"fingers are charged like fangs with poison†(148).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this battle, Grendel’s arm is pulled off at the socket, and he retreats to his cave to die.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another human that attempted to defeat Grendel was the top man in Hrothgar’s hall, Unferth. During Grendel’s first encounter with Unferth, Grendel notices a â€Å"table piled with glossy apples†¦[and] an evil idea came over [him]† (72).

Residential School System

NATI 3116EL – Aboriginal People and the Criminal Justice System Final Research Paper Residential School System & Intergenerational Impact The purpose of residential schooling was to assimilate Aboriginal children into mainstream Canadian society by disconnecting them from their families and communities and severing all ties with languages, customs and beliefs (Chansoneuve, 2005).The following paper with depict the history behind residential schools, the varying schools across Canada, the intergenerational impact and influence the residential school system had issues such as alcoholism, family violence, substance abuse, lack of education, the increasing crime rate and the role of the Criminal Justice System in Canada. In addition to, what the government has accomplished in terms of compensation for the suffering that occurred.The Aboriginal Healing Foundation defines residential schools as being industrial schools, boarding schools, homes for students, hostels, billets, residen tial schools, residential schools with a majority of day students, or a combination of any of the above by which attended by Aboriginal students (Chansoneuve, 2005). Children were taken away from their families and reserves and put in these schools whereby they were taught shame and rejection for everything about their heritage, including their ancestors, families, languages, beliefs and cultural traditions.Many of these students were not only disconnected from their families but also sexually and physically abused and often by multiple authoritative figures and many for a long duration of their stay. The Aboriginal Healing foundation classified the cultural disconnection, cultural shame and trauma as a cultural genocide. The unresolved trauma and exploitation that occurred in these schools has now directly contributed to the problems that Aboriginal people face today.In 1845 the Canadian government proposed a report to the legislative assembly of Upper Canada that recommended that boarding schools be set up to educate Indian children across Canada (Chansoneuve, 2005). The superintendent of Indian affairs agreed but also suggested that there be a partnership between the government and the church to create a schooling system of a religious nature. However, it was not until 1863 that the first Roman Catholic residential school were to be established at St. Mary’s Mission in British Columbia by Oblate Father Florimond Gendre.In 1879 Nicholas Flood Davin was sent to the United States by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald to investigate and report on Indian industrial training schools. Within his report he recommended that funding off-reserve boarding schools to teach children the skills needed in the modern Canadian economy and the government to therefore consider boarding schools rather than day schools. He classified them as residential schools, and deemed them to be more successful because they could completely remove the children from their â€Å"evil su rroundings† (Barnes, Cole & Josefowitz, 2006).From then on until 1969, the partnership between the government of Canada and the churches continued in all provinces except New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Conversely, the last residential school in Canada did not close until 1996, and it was not until then that the government of Canada assumed all responsibility for the schools and the intergenerational trauma they produced. The aggressive assimilation of the residential schools would remove Aboriginal children from their homes because the government felt that children were easier to mould and prepare for mainstream society than adults.In 1920, Canada amended the Indian Act, making it obligatory for Aboriginal parents to send their children between the ages of seven and fifteen years who is physically able to Indian residential schools (Joseph, 2002). Attendance was mandatory and by 1931 80 schools were in operation across Canada and about 150,000 Aboriginal , Inuit, and Metis children had been removed from their communities and forced to reject and disconnect from their heritage (CBC News, June 14, 2010).Overall 130 schools were established across the country between the 19th century until 1996, where native children were discouraged from speaking their first language and practicing their native traditions and if caught would experience severe punishment (CBC News, June 14, 2010). The cultural racism of the Residential School era resulted in the legacy of cultural harm, which is the breakdown of the spiritual, moral, physical, and emotional health and fabric of Indigenous people (Fontaine, 2002).Not only was there a negative intergenerational impact on Aboriginal peoples but also in the early 1900’s the death rate of Indigenous children at these schools was a high seventy five percent (Fontaine, 2002). Many Aboriginal therapists and frontline workers describe the abuse that took place within the residential schools as ritualized abuse such as repeated, systematic, sadistic and humiliating trauma to the physical, spiritual and/or emotional health of a person that may utilize techniques such as conditioning, mind control, degradation, omnipotence and torture (Chansonneuve, 2005).In addition to the contemporary trauma caused by ritualized abuse, Indigenous children suffered sexual and physical abuse. Many survivors as high as 50% of them, do not remember the abuse until years after it has occurred and something in adulthood triggers the memory. The constant abuse and dehumanizing Aboriginal people faced has lead to several negative impacts in the present time.Many suffer from alcohol and substance abuse, sexual and physical abuse at home or within the community, poverty, discrimination and in some instances Indigenous people who have been affected by the residential schools have committed suicide. Psychological and emotional abuses were constant: shaming by public beatings of naked children, vilification of n ative culture, constant racism, public strip and genital searches, withholding presents and letters from family, locking children in closets and cages, segregation of sexes, separation of brothers and sisters, proscription of native languages and spirituality. Schissel & Wotherspoon, 2003). In addition, the schools were places of severe physical and sexual violence such as sexual assaults, forced abortions of staff-impregnated girls, needles were inserted into the tongue for speaking a native language, burning, scalding, beating until unconsciousness and/or inflicting permanent injury (Schissel & Wotherspoon, 2003).Children attending residential schools across Canada also endured electrical shock, force-feeding of their own vomit when they were sick, exposure to freezing outside temperatures, withholding of medical attention when needed, shaved heads which was classified as a cultural and social violation, starvation as a punishment, forced labour in unsafe work situations, intentio nal contamination with diseased blankets, insufficient food for basic nutrition and/or spoiled food.Reports have estimated that as many as 60% of the students died as a result of illness, beatings, attempts to escape, or suicide while in the schools (Joseph, 2002). According to Edwards et al two thirds of the last generation to attend residential schools has not survived because many fell victim to violence, accidents, addictions and suicide (Edwards, Smith & Varcoe, 2005). Today the children and grandchildren of those who attended residential schools live with the same legacy of broken families, lost culture and broken spirit because of the discrimination and trauma they are faced with every day.Many families have become caught in the downward spiral of addiction, violence and poverty. Several individuals have described leaving home as a preteen or teenager to escape the chaos and interpersonal violence in their family, home and community. Several individuals have had to drop out o f school to look for work, whereby they only find unskilled or seasonal jobs and inadequate housing (Edwards et al, 2005).Nowadays many aboriginal parents who suffered from the residential schools have a hard time being interested in their children’s education because of the violence and abuse that had taken place but also the poor curriculum they were taught (Barnes, Cole, & Josefowitz, 2006). A positive relationship between families and schools is now understood to support the growth and development of students academically, behaviourally and socially (Barnes et al, 2006).Therefore, aboriginal students are at an increased risk for academic, behavioural and social difficulties because of the degradation their families and communities faced. Without the proper support and understanding of Aboriginal children’s needs when dealing with their education, the downward spiral of poverty, inadequate housing, unemployment, substance and alcohol abuse and overrepresentation in the criminal justice system continues to affect Aboriginal people.One main similarity between the residential school system and our current system and our society today is the unremitting discrimination towards Aboriginal people. The truancy and dropout rate for Aboriginal students is high because early school leaving is commonly associated with a long process of student disengagement associated with unfavourable school experiences (Barnes et al, 2006).The residential school system stands as a reminder of the long-term impacts of school policy, funding, staffing and staff training on students’ education and later life prospects because without adequate resources the intergenerational impacts of residential schools will continue to have negative effects on Aboriginal families and communities (Barnes et al, 2006). The intergenerational impacts of the residential school system such as alcoholism, poverty and violence has lead to an overrepresentation of Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system.Resources are needed in communities to cope with addictions, domestic violence, but also crime prevention measures must be taken to eliminate and reduce poverty and other causes of crime. It has been acknowledged that the legacy of discrimination towards Aboriginal peoples is one of the reasons they are overrepresented in the system and therefore the courts must address this issue when dealing with sentencing. The Gladue decision is an important turning point in the criminal justice system when dealing with Aboriginal offenders.Healing is an Aboriginal justice principle that is slowly becoming a part of the justice system through the practice of circle sentencing and community based diversion programs. The Gladue case has provided the notion that every judge must take into consideration the healing principle when dealing with Aboriginal offenders, in order to build a bridge between his or her unique personal and community background experiences and criminal j ustice. Many Aboriginal offenders are survivors of the residential schools or have been influenced by the trauma caused to their family members or community.The government of Canada imposed section 718. 2 of the Criminal Code of Canada to help sentence Aboriginal offenders because of the harm that they have faced in relation to offenders of other ethnicities. Section 718. 2 is as follows: A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles: (e) all available sanctions other than imprisonment that are reasonable in the circumstances should be considered for all offenders, with particular attention to the circumstances of Aboriginal offenders. Many of he offences that are committed by Aboriginal peoples today are non-violent offences such as property crime and substance related offences. When dealing with Aboriginal offenders and sentencing judges must take into consideration the history, culture and experiences of discrimination that Indigenous people in Canada have faced, more time must be spent on the sentencing process to ensure a more restorative approach to better heal and rehabilitate the offender and the community and alternatives to incarceration must be taken into consideration to help the offender, victim, families and communities heal (McCaslin, 2005).On the other hand, the criminal justice system personnel have also begun to recognize the number of Aboriginal offenders who suffer from FASD and how the â€Å"mentally disordered offender† with FASD creates particular problems for the assumption by the legal system of innocence until proven guilty. For example offenders may plead guilty as a part of a plea bargaining however they do not understand that they legal process or do not feel as though did committed an illegal offence.Therefore the mens rea is not present if the offender genuinely felt as though they did nothing wrong because they could not understand the consequences due to a mental illness. The Canadian government has taken responsibility for the systematic discrimination that took place within the residential schools and the trauma and intergenerational impacts that has occurred. In 2007, the federal government formalized a $1. 9-billion compensation package for those who were forced to attend residential schools (CBC News, June 14, 2010).Common Experience Payments were made available to all residential schools students who were alive as of May 30, 2005. Former students were eligible for $10,000 for the first year or part of a year they attended school, plus $3,000 for each subsequent year (CBC News, June 14, 2010). Remaining money from the $1. 9-billion compensation package was to be given to foundations that support learning needs of current Aboriginal students.As of April 15, 2010 a reported $1. 55 billion had been paid which represented 75,800 cases in Canada (CBC News, June 14, 2010). Other than compensation apologies were made through the Catholic Church which over saw three-quarters of Canadian residential schools. Appologies were also made by the Canadian government, Pope Benedict XVI, Archbishop Michael Peers on behalf of the Anglican Church, the Presbyterian Church and the United Church of Canada.In conclusion, no matter how much compensation is paid or however many apologies are made it does not make up for the trauma, suffering, and systematic discrimination that Aboriginal people have faced because of the residential schools which has lead to alcoholism and substance abuse, poverty, inadequate housing, inadequate education and unemployment and this disconnection with their culture and community. References Barnes, R. (2006).Residential Schools: Impact on Aboriginal Student’s Academic and Cognitive Development. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 21 (1/2), 18-32. * An academic article that describes the affects of poor curriculum, lack of resources, lack parental involvement in education, and discrimination within the residenti al schools system. Bracken, D. C. (2008). Canada’s Aboriginal People, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome & the Criminal Justice System. British Journal of Community Justice, 21-33. An academic article that describes the relationship between FASD, Aboriginal offenders and the Criminal Justice System in Canada and how it may lead to and effect guilty pleas CBC News (2010, June, 14). A History of Residential Schools in Canada. CBC News Canada. Retrieved from: http://www. cbc. ca/news/canada/story/2008/05/16/f-faqs-residential-schools. html * Depicts the history of residential schools in Canada and the steps Canada has taken to heal the relationship between the government and Aboriginal people.Chansonneuve, D. (2005). Reclaiming Connections: Understanding Residential School Trauma Among Aboriginal People. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation. * Provides a timeline as to when the first residential school was established comparative to the last and the harm that occurred within the schools. E dwards, N. , Smith, D. , & Varcoe, C. (2005). Turning Around the Intergenerational Impact of Residential Schools on Aboriginal People: Implications for Health Policy and Practice. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 37 (4), 38-60. An academic journal that acknowledges the intergenerational impacts that the residential school system has produced in terms of health effects and abuse. Fontaine, L. S. (2002). Canadian Residential Schools: The Legacy of Cultural Harm. Indigenous Law Bulletin, 5 (17), 4. * An article that goes through the history of the Canadian residential schools and the cultural harm that was produced in terms of first, second and third generational impacts. Joseph, R. (2002, March). Indian Residential School Survivors Society. Retrieved from: http://www. irsss. a/index-new. html * A website that goes over the history of residential schools and the current resources provided for the survivors of the systematic discrimination and abuse. LaPrarie, C. (1990). The Role o f Sentencing in the Over-representation of Aboriginal People in Correctional Institutions. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32, 429-440. * An academic journal which goes through the reasonings behind overrepresentation of Aboriginal peoples in the criminal justice system in relation to the influence of residential schools and an increased crime rate.McCaslin, W. (2005) Justice as Healing: Indigenous Ways. Canada: Living Justice Press * Reading on pages 280-296 which deals with restorative justice and the sentencing of Aboriginal offenders in relation to the Gladue case. Schissel, B. & Wotherspoon, T. (2003). The Legacy of School for Aboriginal People: Education, Oppression & Emancipation. Canada: Oxford University Press * A book about the negative influences of residential schools and the determinants of successful schooling. Also

Essays by American Minorities Essay

1. The Age of White Guilt by: Shelby Steele In this essay written by African American Shelby Steele, he tells of the hard times of his people. He leads the reader through his experiences in the civil rights movement and compares the life of an African American in the 1960’s and one in the present day. He writes that African Americans today would have to use ever ounce of their intelligence and imagination to find reasons for them not to succeed in today’s society. He goes on to say that African Americans use the harm done for them in the past and try to use it as guilt for the white Americans. It goes on to explain the importance in fighting for a cause in a group and not breaking off as individuals. 2. I’m Black, your white, who’s innocent? By: Shelby Steele In this essay by Shelby Steele, he tells about the inequality of blacks even in today’s society. I think it also shows the tenderness in the subject of racism and inequality even today. He also writes of how he used to use white liability against white Americans and how it gave him much guilt. He also tells how young African Americans still blame racial problems to be the motivation of many things done by African Americans. He says that an African American that points out white shame is showing power and that when whites respond with silence that that is also a gesture of power. He ends with saying that that whites and blacks truly fear the sacrifices that come with total racial harmony. 3. I hated Tonto by: Sherman Alexie In this essay written by Native American Sherman Alexie, he points out the racial stereotypes that accompany the Native Americans that were given to them by America and the rest of the world. He tells of how he used to accept the racial stereotypes of his people when he was a kid but now he understands how embarrassing the stereotypes were. 4. Why don’t we complain by: William Buckley This essay by William Buckley tells of the difficulties of society and how, instead of taking action when we are mistreated, we just stand by and let the violators have their way. It also tells of how people often wait on others to take action instead on doing so themselves. He says this is because we are afraid to make our voices heard and afraid that someone will get their feelings hurt. He also says that when we do complain, we shouldn’t do so in a calm voice like you are scared but in a bold, demanding voice that lets the person know that you mean business. He says that Americans are not comfortable taking actions in difficult situations because we live in an age of technology where we rely on machines and computers to do things for us, but in earlier times, if we needed something we got up and did it. 5. Just Walk on By by: Brent Staples This essay written by Brent Staples tells of the first time the author experienced a negative reaction from someone just because he was black. He tells of how he noticed signs of fear when people saw him and realized that most of Chicago’s rapists and muggers were black and that his appearance could cause fear. He tells of how society tells us that we should be tough and shouldn’t back down and how some young men take this literally and get into trouble. Essays on the Use and Power of English 1. Politics in the English Language by: George Orwell This essay written by George Orwell tells of the inaccurate and misuse of the English language in today’s society. He says that instead of â€Å"foolish thoughts† coming from language, language comes from foolish thoughts. He also says that metaphors and other types of figurative language used today do not lead to concrete ideas. He says that vagueness is the most common characteristic of the English language. 2. How English is Evolving into a Language we might not understand by: Michael Erard This essay by Michael Erard tells of how the English language is being used in many other countries including China but is not being thoroughly explained which leads to misuse of words and different pronunciations. He tells of how China and other Asian countries are making changes to the languages such as pronunciation of vowels and words. He also says that Asians will introduce tone to the English language which means if a word is pronounced with a different tone it means a different word. He tells the reader that there is nothing wrong with the language and it is just as proper as any other English and that it might even be more efficient. 3. Do Our Writers Abuse the English Language? by: Dr. Rossiter Johnson This essay written by Dr. Rossiter Johnson tells of the criticism from our cousins the English against American writers. It tells of how the British criticism is accompanied by their idea of our ignorance. It tells that the British believe that there is no way that American writers can possibly improve when it comes to proper use of the English language. Johnson then points out some British writers that have misused the language such as Grey and Dean Alford. He tells of the words of Sydney Smith, a British critic that said who reads American books? Who goes to an American play? Who looks at an American picture or statue? Who sleeps in American blankets? What do we owe to American surgeons and physicians? He responds to these words by telling of how Americans have surpassed these accomplishments and have proved Smith wrong. 4. Importance of English in India by: Rajesh Mohan. This essay by Rajesh Mohan is about the role of the English language in India and how it is the language that bonds all the other languages together in the Indian sub continent. The reason English bonds these regions together is because everyone understands it and so that makes it a common language to everyone. It also tells of how English is good for countries who are trying to expand and grow and that Indians recommend other countries to learn English. 5. How English Became a Global Language by: Jennifer Claerr This essay by Jennifer Claerr tells how English has become one of the most commonly spoken languages in the world. She says it is mostly because of its effectiveness. She says that the other reason the world is comfortable with English is because it uses a Romanic alphabet which is easier for Easterners to grasp than other alphabets. The English language is used heavily in television, movies, products, ads, and everything else that many non native speakers feel that they should learn it. So in conclusion this is the reason that English has over 1 billion speakers both native and non native.