Bitts case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bitts contextual investigation - Essay Example An absence of inspiration will make representatives torpid and reckless while a nearness of inspiration will introduce them as lively and brimming with verve. Obligations: While each individual associated with an organization or association has certain advantages which s/he gets from working for the organization, there is additionally a lot of duties which the individual has towards the organization. Obligations change contingent upon how and where an individual is put inside an organization however certain duties like steadfastness, following organization standards and passing by the principles of the organization are relied upon to be trailed by all individuals associated with the organization. Hypothesis X and Theory Y: These are two administration styles which were given by Douglas McGregor as a piece of his talk on the board. Hypothesis X of the board accept that individuals disdain work and should be constrained by solid methods in the event that they are to stay gainful. Further, individuals need course and not autonomy while they work. Hypothesis Y is the direct inverse of this since it recommends that individuals are normally disposed towards fill in as they are towards play and rest. Furthermore, individuals discover fulfillment in work and will utilize creative mind, imagination and their own aptitudes to tackle business related issues on the off chance that they are permitted to fill in however they see fit, (2005). There are a few issues which are being looked by Bitts of which the essential issues are supposed to be; the absence of correspondences between executives, the administration style being followed, the coming changes in the organization/industry, and the HR related issues of the organization. With successful correspondences and following the right choices plot in the suggestions area, the organization and the executives can hope to pull out of the spot they are in directly. Of the suggestions, the first is a difference in style nearer to Theory Y, the

My Future Leisure and Sustainability of Northern California Ocean and Term Paper

My Future Leisure and Sustainability of Northern California Ocean and River - Term Paper Example Aloof relaxation doesn't include the utilization of extraordinary vitality while dynamic recreation needs an individual to use full mental and physical vitality. Instances of detached relaxation can be heading off to the film and sitting in front of the TV. Instances of dynamic relaxation can be swimming, angling and moving (Joffre, 1960). The North California Ocean and waterways give a decent situation to relaxation exercises, for example, swimming and angling. The relaxation exercises are significant for a few reasons that will be talked about in the paper for individuals of north California. From my own understanding, there is a guarantee of relaxation commitment to lessen among the individuals of North California later on. This is so in light of the fact that life is costly. The expense of spending on significant things like food, garments and recreation is exceptionally high. The vast majority of the individuals focus on bringing in cash to meet there essential needs as it were. For understudies who are working and living alone, it is more terrible. There is no time for relaxation since one requires having two employments to meet there day by day needs and needs. As a person's rate in relaxation commitment lessens, the more focused on they become. Recreation gives individuals a feeling of opportunity. Neulinger 1974 concocted two mental elements of relaxation. The principle one was seen opportunity where he affirms that relaxation relies upon opportunity from any interior or outer imperatives. The way that an individual has the ability to pick what the person in questi on is to do, the time and spot gives them inborn inspiration. Natural inspiration is the second mental idea where there is no installment after one takes part in the relaxation movement. The second one takes part in a movement and toward the day's end they are being paid for it, at that point there is extraneous inspiration. Simultaneously it can prompt characteristic inspiration. The recreation exercises are an incredible inspiration for people as a result of self realization that everybody needs to work there confidence (Neulinger, 1974). What's more, Mihaly 1996 adds to the advantages of taking part in relaxation by utilizing the hypothesis of stream. The stream hypothesis expresses that an individual has full inclusion in and movement they participate in that is, there is full mental concentration to the action and the people feel stimulated by the core interest. The stream contains a great deal of factors: defining clear objectives, high paces of center and focus, loosing hesitance, lose feeling of time, criticism ought to be immediate and prompt, level and challenge capacity ought to be adjusted, feeling of individual authority over an action, natural prize of the action and complete inundation in the movement. He proceeded to recommend the exercises one can take part in to guarantee that there is extraneous advantage however different scholars have concocted those that lead to natural advantages or inspiration. The exercises that lead to extraneous inspiration can be music, plan, training and various games. Chara cteristic inspiration includes the sentiment of progress, otherworldliness, self improvement and execution (Mihaly, 1996). The second explanation behind the reducing paces of relaxation commitment can be because of the contamination of the sea and streams particularly the Sacramento River. Angling and swimming are the major recreational exercises that the individuals of North California take part in. this is because of the wealth of the streams and the sea. The sea and the streams are filthy. Because of a paranoid fear of contracting diseases because of the grimy water, individuals once in a while

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) A Fundamental Knowledge

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) A Fundamental Knowledge Firms looking to compete in today’s global economy must have more than just a website. They must develop and implement a digital strategy â€" one that both supports their overall strategic business goals, and that allows each strategic business unit to leverage the tools and technologies available in today’s digital world.In the very early days of the Internet, the phrase “digital strategy” was almost synonymous with both the flashiness of one’s website, and the amount of banner advertising driving traffic to it. However, as search engines quickly grew in algorithmic sophistication and popular usage, search â€" and search engine optimization (SEO), rapidly became fundamental to  digital strategy for many firms (making search engine company owners billionaires, and search consultancies viable businesses in the process).Today, even with the proliferation of digital advertising opportunities, social media, mobile advertising and apps, primarily, firms must acquire visitors and channel them to a specific webpage in order to perform (or to convince them to perform) a certain task (most often, completing a purchase). This necessitates search engine optimization (SEO), which is the process by which businesses and individuals manipulate websites and webpages to increase their visibility in search engine results. © Shutterstock.com | TrueffelpixIn this article, we will cover 1) what is SEO,  2) a brief history of SEO,  3) the benefits of SEO,  4) the challenges of SEO,  and 5) a brief overview of common SEO methods.WHAT IS SEO?SEO defines the ever-evolving set of tools and techniques used to increase the position of a website or webpage in search results. Firms use SEO to ensure that consumers, especially those the firm has targeted, can find the firm’s website, microsite, and/or a specific landing page; once consumers are on the page, firms can sell product, serve marketing messages, obtain login information, or perform other actions that help the firm achieve its strategic goals.To understand SEO, it is important to understand how search engines work. Search engines use webcrawlers â€" software application that performs tasks over the Internet to automatically index and rank websites and pages. Webcrawlers are also known as spiders or robots and use information found on the website (in t he HTML code itself), and on external pages, to rank websites and webpages according to certain criteria. The exact set of criteria used by each search engine is a different proprietary algorithm, each unknown to the public. However, search firms have a stake in ensuring that websites are ranked and index correctly. After all, the core value they provide is in helping individuals find what they need. For this reason, they publicly disclose certain general information about what search engines look for, so that webmasters and web developers may properly code their sites, and that marketing departments may implement off-page SEO strategies. Further, much of what is known about how search engines rank webpages is learned through experimentation, by individuals, firms and SEO experts, all looking to determine what works and what doesn’t in context to their own site.It is important to note that as the volume and variety of data online increases each second, search engines continually, automatically evaluate, and reevaluate the rankings of each website and webpage. Therefore, changes one makes to a website or webpage (or lack thereof) can have a rapid effect on their website’s search engine rank position (SERP). Further, the engineers at search firms are continually intent on improving the relevance of their rankings to users. They study how users respond to search results and frequently adjust their algorithm to make their results more useful. Due to the dynamism of SERP, firms must ensure that their web services staff, and/or dedicated SEO professionals are employing SEO best practices, monitoring SERP, and learning about changes to search engine ranking criteria through trade publications and experimentation. HISTORY OF SEOEven though, the Web itself has been around for a relatively short period, its rapid evolution makes encapsulating its history in a few words a difficult task. So too it is with SEO, whose history parallels that of the Web. However, particu lar developments shed significant insight into the workings of search engines and the importance of SEO. To begin with, it is important to understand that humans initially and painstakingly, edited search engines. In 1994, a University of Washington student named Brian Pinkerton created the first publicly usable search engine that used a Web crawler to index webpages; it is called WebCrawler, and is still in operation today. Other notable search engines at the time include Excite (which purchased WebCrawler in 1996), Lycos, Yahoo, HotBot, AskJeeves, LookSmart, and AltaVista, all of which are still in operation today; many others have since closed down. Today, the four most common search engines: Google, Yahoo, Bing and Baidu hold approximately 97% of worldwide market share, led by Google with nearly 90%, which is why Google’s search evolution has driven the history of SEO.In 1998, Google launched and introduced PageRank, an aspect of its criteria that assessed webpages linking to a specific webpage in its evaluation of where a webpage should be ranked. In 2002, it further developed PageRank by introducing a PageRank toolbar for webmasters and SEO professionals to determine the best sites from which to obtain incoming links. The introduction of PageRank informed the development of many of the most popular and commonly used link-based SEO strategies still in use today. It also inspired many entrepreneurs and webmasters to look for opportunities to exploit the connection between SERP and incoming links. For example, in August of 2002, a firm known as SearchKing attempted to serve as a broker between webmasters to buy and sell links for SEO purposes. Google subsequently penalized SearchKing by reducing its PageRank dramatically.Page links were also often embedded in blog comments. In 2005, Google introduced a nofollow tag that allows blog administrators to ensure that blog spammers do not get credit in search. The tag is not only supported by Google search but M SN and Yahoo as well. Initially SEO professionals used this to try to emphasize certain pages over others, a practice that Google effectively stopped by adjusting their algorithm in 2008. Also in 2005, Google launched Google Analytics, which provided web professionals a wealth of information about the performance of their pages and content.The following year, SEO gained mainstream attention when Google banned BMW for cloaking â€" a practice in which users are served one set of content, and search engines are served another. And in 2009, Google acceded to the demands of the social media crowd by providing real-time search results. In 2010, Google and Bing confirmed that social media profiles, especially Twitter and Facebook, do influence SERP. 2011 saw the launch of Google Panda, designed to decrease the SERP of websites with low-quality content, as content mills â€" websites publishing low-quality content against which to sell ads had proliferated. Further, Google began to encrypt k eyword data to emphasize that webmasters and web developers should develop websites with an emphasis on high quality, relevant and consistent content. This was largely in response to SEO tactics like keyword stuffing â€" when webpage content is stuffed full of the keywords webmasters want associated with their site, whether or not the resulting content makes grammatical, syntactical, or logical sense or not.BENEFITS OF SEOSEO has numerous benefits, perhaps the most significant among them being the ability to increase traffic. It also allows a firm to drive qualified traffic to a website at lower costs than traditional (print, broadcast or outdoor) advertising. In addition, due to the low cost of many common search techniques, SEO initiatives often have an overall higher return on investment than many marketing initiatives. And unlike many offline marketing initiatives, SEO, through web analytics programs, provides quantifiable and trackable results, allowing firms to test, learn wha t works, and focus their efforts and time on effective strategies.Engagement rates are much higher with search than other forms of digital advertising and digital marketing, such as social media marketing. This is because the consumer has performed an action indicating an interest in a brand, product, or service, and is looking to be engaged, rather than passively receiving a marketing message, which may or may not resonate. Further, less than ten percent of visitors look past the second page of search results. As a result, consumers have been conditioned to imbue firms with top SERPs with more trust than others. High SERP often increases brand awareness, brand engagement, and purchasing likelihood are far higher.As search firms are ranking websites based on their ultimate usefulness to users, following proper SEO best practices forces you to create a more usable and useful site. For example, many small business owners create a static page with basic contact information, some direct marketing copy and a list of products/services, and then neglect their site. The resulting website, then, is useful only to consumers who are looking for that exact firm in that exact location. Search frowns on sites without a steady stream of regularly updated content. Firms with high SERPS often have regularly updated branded social media channels and blogs integrated into their website, regularly issue press releases about new products/services and industry developments, and consistently publish content about promotions and discounts. This creates content the consumer finds useful and induces repeat visits.Keywords still play a significant role in SEO, though a lesser one than in the early 2000s when keyword stuffing artificially inflated the SERP of many a website. The keywords consumers use to find a website can yield insights into how the brand or firm is perceived, and what marketing messages a consumer might respond to (based on what she/he has responded to). Keyword resear ch, which stems from SEO, allows a firm to ensure that brand/firm perception is aligned with marketing messages and develop stronger integrated marketing communications plans.SEO helps firms stand out from the hundreds of millions of other active websites, and billions of individual webpages online. Industry has long realized the potential and necessity of SEO, and the many firms have either personnel in place to handle SEO responsibilities or contract for SEO services. Firms that fail to do so are not only losing an opportunity, but may be outflanked by competitors who use SEO successfully as part of their sales strategy.CHALLENGES OF SEOWhile general strategies for achieving a high Search Engine Rank Position (SERP) are available on the webpages of search engines designed for webmasters, the exact mix of factors that search firms use to rank sites are trade secrets. This results in much guesswork and experimentation on behalf of webmasters and SEO professionals to achieve specific results.Further, generally speaking, search firms want their search engines to provide end-users with what they are looking for. This means indexing websites and webpages according to relevance (to the search query) and popularity (that determines inclusion and ranking in the search results). Because their goal is providing the most useful search results, they are vigilant against efforts to game the system. When search engines realize that an SEO method or methods are being used to artificially inflate website SERPs, they alter their algorithms to penalize the offenders. Case in point: SearchKing. And while it is well-known that publishing compelling and fresh content consistently is a fundamental driver of SEO, many web developers, webmasters, search consultants, and digital marketers still try to game the system through SEO methods known as black hat strategies. These bad actors can be blacklisted, but search firm responses cannot only affect those bad actors, but good actors (t hough usually to a lesser effect) as well.Other challenges on the business side include limited organizational understanding of, and resources dedicated to, SEO. This includes insufficient training of existing personnel, inadequate in-house staffing to implement SEO/no funding for external professionals, deficient integration with the firm’s marketing department, poor content strategy, and overestimation of SEO results. Any of these alone can derail SEO implementation; often firms with SEO exhibit a combination of the above challenges.Of particular importance is proper alignment with the firm’s marketing department. The web department will likely lack the expertise and time to handle both the technical aspects of optimization, and provide a steady stream of high quality (interesting, current, and well-written) content that is aligned with consumer interests, as well as both the firm’s branding standards, and its strategic marketing objectives. Too often, SEO is thought of in t erms of purely technical criteria, but if a firm’s marketing department and web services department are not working together, then no amount of coding will help it achieve its desired search engine rank. COMMON SEO METHODSThere are too many SEO strategies to name, but some of the most popular, effective, and long-lasting ones include:Content marketing: publishing and distributing online content to promote and brand and acquire customersInbound marketing: content marketing designed to funnel traffic to a website/pageSocial media marketing (SMM): inbound website/page marketing and promotion through social media networks/channelsLink building (also known as backlinking): the process of obtaining more inbound links to a website/page to increase its search visibilitySearch engine marketing (SEM): the promotion of a website/page’s visibility through both SEO tactics and paid search advertisingWhite hat SEO strategies: the collection of SEO strategies that follow best practices as outl ined by search engines. This includes publishing quality content, properly using metadata and keywords, and developing quality inbound links.Black hat SEO strategies: the collection of SEO strategies that are the opposite of best practices as outlined by search engines. This includes previously aforementioned techniques such as keyword stuffing, blog spamming, and cloaking.Grey hat SEO strategies: the collection of SEO strategies that are not explicitly to be avoided as per search engines but may still result in some penalty. This often includes new methods that have not yet seen widespread overuse meriting a global response from search engines.

Television Has Too Many Advertisements - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 677 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"Television has too many advertisements during programmes† Is TV being ruined by adverts which have no relevance to the programme? Well throughout my piece of writing i am going to give my personal views and the views of others on why i think there are too many commercials now-a-days on television. When you watch a programme generally you do not want it to be interrupted by irrelevant information? Have you ever had a glance at what is going to be on next and the show says thirty minutes, but why does it not say adverts included as you automatically think that the show will be lasting for thirty minutes. The one thing that really irritates me is that when you start to get into watching a program a spontaneous break occurs which means that there is going to be another boring commercial. In my opinion TV advertisements can often be repeated throughout a program which can make the show quite monotonous to watch at times and this can turn it into boring entertainment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Television Has Too Many Advertisements" essay for you Create order It would be a totally different matter if the commercial was relating to what the show was actually about such as a music channel advertising upcoming music events. Do you think are a waste of time when you have to pay to watch television? Television commercials can waste up to ten minutes of viewing time yet television providers still insist that shows, last the time shown on the guide when they normally can last a minimum of ten minutes. If you have not already noticed they have already started placing commercials during sports matches which can agitating for example: during rugby, football and cricket. When an advert interrupts sports matches you can miss an important part of the match. If you have ever noticed some of the commercials are not very appropriate for younger viewers for example; young children can be easily influenced by what is on TV never mind the advertisements which can be worse than the actual programme. So should there be a restriction for the times of certain adverts? Such as adverts for adults should be shown after nine o’clock. Certain programs and movies have advertisements every fifteen to thirty minutes depending on the length of the programme. When a movie has certain age restrictions i think so should some adverts which are advising parents that the advert their child is about to see might be about an adult subject or product for example alcohol the drink â€Å"Black Russian. Can children be so easily influenced by a five minute advertisement? Some customers can be dis-satisfied by what is on TV let alone the advertisements which can be even worse than the actual programme, which you are trying to watch. Advertisements during children’s programmes ads can sometimes be about a subject which might only appeal to adult and will be only available to adults so why should television providers show children these during their cartoon shows? On the other hand some advertisements can be about the upcoming programme so this meaning adverts can be quite informative whilst others can be just quite cretonous to the person who wants to watch their programme which they actually pay for. I have recently asked some people if adverts where a good way of informing you about a certain topic and the majority of the people said â€Å"they could be shorter and not as frequent but more relevant to the programme. So i gave my opinion about advertisements and how they can be so irrelevant for example; if you are watching the Simpsons an advert starts about mortgages and how you can sell gold but baring in mind most of the viewers are under the age of 16 once again these topics are irrelevant to the viewers. So why do TV channels host these irritating adverts? If you asked the majority of under 11 year olds what a mortgage i would predict that most of them would struggle to give you an answer, yet according to TV hosts they think adverts should be about these matters.

Slave Trade in 1807 Essay - 1699 Words

In order to ascertain how significant beliefs and ideologies were in contributing to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, and the eventual abolition of slavery in 1833, this assignment will consider moral, political,economic and religious factors which culminated into these two distinct reforms. It will explore the influence of Enlightenment; the impact of non-conformists; the role of individuals and resistance from slaves themselves. Additionally, it will look at the attitudes concerning the Atlantic slave trade and slavery from different perspectives. Justifications which were gleaned from the Bible, and from Antiquity, regarding the differences between white and black people meant that for much of the eighteenth century enslaving†¦show more content†¦In addition, it argues that slavery is not necessary for the success of colonies and that abolition would not be detrimental to colonies rather benefit it in the long-run. This document demonstrates how ideas about slave ry were surfacing in the mid eighteenth century. Protestant Evangelicalism was powered by enlightened thinking. As DVD 2 highlights, missionaries such as William Knibb, were influential in promoting Christianity. Slavery obstructed this process. William Wilberforce, an evangelical member of parliament featured prominently in the DVD, his work towards the gradual emancipation was significant, however the interview does point out that the programme omits profound individuals such as Thomas Clarkson, who was a central leader of the anti-slavery movement.(DVD 2) An anti-slavery sentiment had developed and sects emerged from Evangelicalism. Despite disagreements on certain doctrinal topics, there was a general consensus between the sects that all men were equal before God, equal in sin and their potential for redemption. This was particularly significant within the anti-slavery movement as it highlighted slavery as problematic and obstructive towards Christian morals. In 1787, A committee united individuals from different classes in society, such as tradesmen and upper-class evangelicals. This Committee met in London with the purpose of establishing A Society for effecting the abolition of the slave trade This is significant as it highlights thatShow MoreRelatedThe Slave Trade Act of 1807553 Words   |  2 Pagesphenomena is our society. After the many years of struggle against the atrocious crime that were and are still being committed against humans who God made equal, it seems that we are still light years away from redemption. Perhaps the Slave Trade Act of 1807, Lincoln`s Emancipation Proclamation act 1863 and Martin Luther king`s `dream` are bound to remain unfulfilled. Maybe all these events were just vivid dreams that the colored races cling on to, in the hope that they will one day be revivedRead MoreThe Slave Trade Act ( 1807 )1892 Words   |  8 PagesThe Voyage to Freedom †¢ Atlantic Slave Trade Act (1807): Abolished the Atlantic Slave Trade †¢ Missouri Compromise (March 3, 1820): States are to be admitted in pairs; one free, one slave †¢ Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion (1800): enlisted 1,000+ slaves, but betrayed and hanged †¢ Denmark Vesey’s Revolt (1822): freeman, also betrayed and hanged but officials could not identify other leaders because of his smart tactics †¢ Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831): believed to be a prophet and let the first successfulRead MoreWas William Wilberforce the Most Important Reason for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1807 and Slavery in 1823977 Words   |  4 Pagesanti-slave trade forces. Gracious, witty, and devoutly religious. Wilberforce has become a convenient national hero, with 20,000 people attending a ceremony to mark the 100th anniversary of his death. His house has been turned into a museum and his larger-than-life statue has a prominent place in Westminster Abbey. This demonstrates that he had a big influence on the people around him at the time. Wilberforce certainly deserves some credit for the banning of the British slave trade in 1807 and theRead MoreEssay on Did the British Empire Improve Lives in Africa?857 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as rubber and copper and riches such as ivory, gold and diamonds which initially attracted European powers to colonise Africa and earn profits. European countries realised that by captivating African resources and riches they could establish trade with other countries for other materials and resources. Also, Europeans believed that the tropics had perfect weather for farming and growing cash crops such as cocoa in Ghana and tea and coffee in Kenya. However, it reached a point when nations grabbedRead MoreCapitalism and Slavery1511 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism: End Of The Slave Trade System or Reevaluated Economic Stimulus. Like many others demoralized cultures during the Atlantic Slave trade period, Africans fell victim to the sixteenth century discovery of Columbus so called New World. Europeans used the Atlantic Slave Trade to capitalize on Columbus so called Discovery. For more than three centuries, the regions of Africa were in a state of destabilization. More than thirty million Africans were taken out of Africa and put in theRead MoreHigman Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesWhen slavery was abolished in Britain in 1808, the Atlantic slave trade had been going on for centuries. The abolition movement comes from a history that stems deep. In order to fully understand the movement, one must educate themselves on various aspects such as, how it all began and the leading campaigners against the slave trade. With such knowledge, one may be able to piece together the many reasons why the abolishment of the slave trade took two decades to cease in Great Britain. Despite the manyRead MoreAbolition of Slave Trade901 Words   |  4 PagesThe main reasons for the abolition of the slave trade The trading and exportation of slaves has been a large part if Britain’s history since the early 15th century and the British Empire had been partly founded on the basis of exchanging slaves for goods and foreign products. 400 years after the slave trade began and people were finally realising how morally wrong the exchanging of humans actually was and on March 3, 1807, President Thomas Jefferson signed into act a bill approved by CongressRead MoreThe Aftermath of the Atlantic Slave Trade779 Words   |  3 PagesThe aftermath of the Atlantic Slave Trade included the commercialization of African economies and the solidification of European colonization and colonialism. Describe this commercialization and its subsequent effects. The demise of the African slave trade began in 1807 when Britain forbade the capturing and selling of African slaves. The result had both positive and negative consequences for Africa. It was positive in that attention turned to the lucrative resources that Africa possessed and EuropeRead MoreThe Gold Coast Of West Africa1703 Words   |  7 Pagesand interaction, there must be an understanding of the history of Elmina, African and European relations and the importance of trade goods flowing out of Africa. Elmina, a port on the coastal modern day Ghana near the capital Accra in Africa, was one of the first settlements in West Africa being a city of great importance that â€Å"encapsulates the years of European contact, trade, and colonization better than any other site in Africa.† The city was built around the fort Sao Jorge Da Mina or Elmina castleRead MoreWest Africa during the Nineteenth Century1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Atlantic slave trade was abolished by the Britis h parliament in 1807. This caused great problems for West African slave traders who had witnessed a period of vast growth in the industry towards the end of the eighteenth century. They now had to focus on more lawful, legitimate means of trading. The types of industry that often replaced the slave trade were produce based, agricultural goods such as palm oil. The potential problems faced by traders were ‘exacerbated by the fact that it coincided

The study of communications Test Free Essays

1) The study of communications in the early twentieth century solidified in to which two approaches? (a) Culture shock and cooperative conflict style (b) Rhetorical and behavioral (c) Dichotomous and recursion (d) Self-awareness and positive reinforcement 2) Beliefs that are so central to a cultural group that they are never questioned are known as: (a) True believers (b) Empowerment (c) Self awareness (d) Cultural values 3) Organizational communication exhibits two properties: (a) Organization and structured (b) Planning and execution (c) Function and production (d) Assertiveness and bluntness 4) The intent to harm is a defining element of: (a) Striking (b) Insulting (c) Ignoring (d) Bullying 5) What type of roles helps establish a group’s social atmosphere? (a) Relational Roles (b) Communication Roles (c) Leadership Roles (d) Expressive Roles 6) Ludwig von Bertalanffy advanced a theory of seeing organizations as systems embedded in larger systems. This is known as the? (a) Perfection Theory (b) Globalization Theory (c) Work Force Theory (d) General Systems Theory 7) Conflict in the Middle East leads both to fears that oil production will suffer and to higher energy costs in the United States, and this is known as: (a) Domination (b) Mass Assimilation (c) Globalization (d) Global Marketing 8) Studying the intercultural communication is important to improve: (a) Personal gain (b) Employers trust (c) Cultural respect (d) Self awareness 9) John Oetzel found that which communication processes led to task effectiveness and member satisfaction in many small group situations? (a) Equal Participation (b) Respectful (c) Cooperative conflict style (D) all of the above 10) Supervisors can increase employee’s feelings of self-efficacy through: (a) Promotions (b) Empowerment (c) Confidence (d) Motivation 11) Exhaustion, cynicism, and ineffectiveness are all part of a workplace phenomenon called: (a) Workforce retention (b) Employee tolerance (c) Burnt Out (d) Lack of Cooperation 12) Formal education in the United States emphasizes: (a) Dichotomous (b) High paying jobs (c) Capitalism (d) Relational Roles 13) What is the trait theory? (a) Successful recruiters are always needed (b) Leaders are born (c) Self-starters are always successful (d) Motivational speakers are well educated 14) The process in which you and others begin to see you as an integral and accepted part of an organization is known as: (a) Assimilation (b) Asset (c) Productive (d) Manager 15) Familiarity with others, organizational acculturation, recognition, involvement, job competency, and role negotiation are all part of: (a) Social network (b) People person (c) Talented recruiter (d) Metamorphosis 16) Communications ethics is defined as: (a) The standards of what is right and wrong, good or bad, moral and immoral. (b) The practice of being fair, collective and responsive to one’s needs (c) Talking to others with respect and using proper speech skills (d) Not swearing or using vulgar language will on work site 17) What is quid pro quo? (a) Using your brains to receive a promotion (b) Monitoring your coworker’s habits to gain an advantage come panel reviews (c) The request for sexual favors as a condition of getting or keeping a job or benefit (d) Exercising your rights to table a board meeting if conditions are not to your liking 18) What percentage of employers monitors workers Web connections? (a) 80% (b) 92% (c) 73% (d) 76% 19) The two types of purposes for a speech include: (a) General + Specific (b) Focused + Consistent (c) Topic + Subject (d) Local + Long distance 20) When audience members entrust you with their time and attention, you are obligated to treat them with: (a) Respect and Kindness (b) Fairness and Concern (c) Cooperation and alertness (d) Confidence and emotion 21) The number one social phobia in the United States is: (a) Appearance (b) Smell (c) Public Speaking (d) Center of Attention 22) One out of twenty people suffers such a fear of public speaking that they: (a) Sweat (b) Shake (c) Begin to stutter (d) Are unable to finish 23) Ancient Greeks, the Middle Ages, and the _______ all made major contributions to the study of communication. We will write a custom essay sample on The study of communications: Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now (a) Renaissance (b) Golden Age (c) Contemporary (d) Industrial 24) What is the attribution theory? (a) Attritional Bias (b) Self-serving bias (c) Fundamental Attribution error (d) All of the above 25) Considering the ages, races, sexual orientations, religions, and social-class backgrounds of your audience is all part of the: (a) Demographical Analysis (b) Geographical Analysis (c) Cultural Analysis (d) Ethical Analysis 26) If you wish to be sensitive to other people’s identities, you should: (a) Consider who you communicate with (b) Remember what the person’s personality first (c) Ignore any weaknesses that person by have (d) Be aware of 3 key ethical issues that can impact your communication with others 27) Statistics, examples, and personal narratives are all ________ that can be used to enhance your speech. (a) Collective resources (b) Important topics (c) Ideal focuses (d) Supporting materials 28) One way to ensure you are prepared for your presentation is to: (a) Memorize (b) Practice (c) Be well dressed (d) Check for errors 29) A relationship that is described as variable with â€Å"ups and downs† over time,† sometimes close, sometimes distant† is being described according to: (a) Turning point model relationships (b) Mutual beneficiary relationships (c) Contemporary relationships (d) Proactive casual relationships 30) What is the model of communication created by the textbook authors? (a) 2 way Human differential communication (b) Multicultural transaction communication (c) Human communication in Society or transactional (d) Social group communication and group interaction 31) How do you develop identity? (a) By communicating outside of your local area (b) Ignore negative feedback from others (c) By expressing yourself, through beliefs and persuasion (d) Through internal awareness and environmental influences, and input from others 32) De-escalating your anger, confronting the situation assertively, and listening to understand are all components of: (a) Effectively handling interpersonal conflict (b) Anger management and â€Å"Cool Down† cycle (c) Emotion control (d) Obedience and patience 33) The truth bias involves: (a) The belief of once a liar always a liar (b) Common practice of trusting no one until properly known (c) Lack one’s trust through secrets (d) Tendency to not suspect one’s intimates of deception 34) A feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the unfamiliarity of surroundings is known as: (a) Unfamiliar territory (b) Culture shock (c) Culture anxiety (d) Culture phobia 35) What is identity? (a) Social categories that you identify yourself (b) Categories that others place on you (c) Labels influenced on you by outside sources (d) Who you are as a person 36) What are the elements that make up personality? (a) Emotional State (b) Knowledge (c) Outlook (d) All of the above 37) What are some reasons for studying intercultural communication? (a) Improve your ethics (b) Be aware of different laws and customs (c) Learn others peoples culture so you can travel (d) Enhance own self awareness 38) What we communicate, we exchange which two kinds of messages? (a) Practical and impractical (b) Emotional and non-emotional (c) Voluntary and involuntary (d) Verbal and non-verbal 39) The social penetration theory describes what as a key component in relationship development? (a) Comfort (b) Disclosure (c) Company (d) Fun 40) Proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity are all factors that influence: (a) Attractiveness (b) Personality (c) Intelligence (d) Motivation 41) The tendency for people to work harder and do better when others are around is known as: (a) Influential motivation (b) Work ethic spectrum (c) Social Facilitation (d) Positive reinforcement 42) Societal factors that do not affect your perceptions include: (a) Role of Employee (b) Company Policies (c) Work force involvement (d) Role of leadership 43) Two contemporary approaches to the study of communication include: (a) Honesty and truthful (b) Critical and Interpolate (c) Patient and observant (d) Listener and receiver 44) List the different types of leadership? (a) Trait theory and Laissez-faire (b) Democratic and Authoritarian leader (c) Both A and B (d) None of the above 45) What is the most important thing you learned in this class? (a) Building your identity (b) Self-awareness (c) Verbal ethics (d) Communication How to cite The study of communications: Test, Papers

Salaries of Professional Athletes free essay sample

This paper looks at the negative effects of the skyrocketing salaries of professional athletes today. This paper discusses the current salaries of professional athletes and their impact on the sports world. The author examines how the skyrocketing salaries have affected experiences and perceptions of fans and negatively impacted professional sports. If you are planning on taking your family to a ball game, be sure to come with your favorite teams t-shirt, your camera and binoculars, and a fat wallet. Thats right, be prepared to fork over the cash, because it will cost you upwards of over $250. Athlete salaries have drastically increased over the past couple decades. As these wages continue to mushroom to unprecedented heights, the cost of attending sporting events elevates to new plateaus of its own. In addition to increased ticket prices, which hurt the ability of many fans to go to games, exploding salaries have resulted in greed of players and owners and a lower quality of play in some areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Salaries of Professional Athletes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of this has left a bad taste in the mouths of even the most die hard sports fans. If current trends continue, professional sports might lose what remains of its integrity and become just another industry where victory is auctioned off to the highest bidder.

Organisation Strategies of Sportsgirl free essay sample

First and foremost we wish to welcome you into the auditorium of modern fashion. For those of you, who may not know me, my name is XXXX , the national supervisor for Sportsgirl, and to my left is my partner Mr XXXX. We have gathered here today to present to you a SWOT analysis, organizational strategies, and the vision and mission statement of Sports girl. We live in the generation of fashion and technology. Our wants fashionably override our needs in life. The Australian fashion industry has come to expect a huge splash from Sportsgirl at the Melbourne L’Oreal Fashion Festival, and 2005 set a new benchmark. Ideally, the business will come to the customer by promoting their brand through the launches of the Exclusives for Sportsgirl range, offering the latest in the hottest trends and must-have looks in to-die-for limited edition pieces released each month. Sportsgirl was founded in the year of 1948 in Melbourne. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Strategies of Sportsgirl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sportsgirl has emerged as a leader in the Australian fashion industry by successfully developing a brand image and a store identity that moved fashion retail away from the concept of established department stores to the concept of the lifestyle fashion boutique. This has been reflected in much of their marketing compaigns by advertising â€Å"real, everyday† women weraing their clothing rather than models. Sportsgirl has used interior design, visual merchandising, graphic design, and advertising to build its fashion brand into one that appealed to the emerging youth market The clothes imported in Australian Sportsgirl outlets are designed by foreigners; however, Sportsgirl has created a large and detrimental fashion line from young and creative fashion designers with fresh ideas. On top this; Sportsgirl has designed a range advertising to be heavily printed throughout the world. This advertising helps to display the merchandising creativity of Sportsgirl’s identity, which has linked its clothing lines to a set of lifestyle values and accessories. From the very beginning Sportsgirl’s mission statement is: Specializing in providing the latest fashion trends from overseas. It offers younger women a livelier option than its more conservative sibling label Sports craft. † Theoretically this also is considered to be part of their company vision. The strengths in which Sportsgril possesses are; †¢It Is a easily recognizable store †¢Wide known brand †¢Aimed at young to middle age women (those who spend the most money on fashi on) †¢Offer a wide range of products (shoes, bags, belts, clothing, accessories etc. ) †¢Good quality Excellent locations (in big shopping centers and town centers etc) †¢Big reputation †¢Advertised in women’s and girl magazines †¢They also have a charity organization running oIn 2006, Sportsgirl staff from across the country nominated negative body image and eating disorders as the issue that is most important to them and their friends. oSportsgirl is proud to announce a partnership with non profit organisation, The Butterfly Foundation, to promote and address prevention and early intervention of eating disorders and issues related to body image. Sportsgirl continues the cool new connection campaign, featuring girls from the street, rather than models, in all creative, in a mix of transit, outdoor and magazine advertising. †¢Stores are opened in New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and Thailand. Expansion continues despite difficult retailing conditions. Labels Sportscraft, Sportsgirl and David Lawrence are split into separate stores, and new store fit-outs are implemented across Australia. †¢Sportsgirl uses special events, in-store parades and promotions to pump excitement into fashion. Sportsgirl advertising campaigns and its own in-store magazines combine attention grabbing photography with memorable slogans and lifestyle concepts †¢Sportsgirl adopts the developing methods of mass marketing. It capitalises on the power of linking fashion with exciting images. †¢Sportsgirl exploded into 2006 winning five Shop Til You Drop Awards in February, including Australia’s Best Retail Chain, Most Impressive Retailer Revamp, Best Customer Service and Best Merchandising/Window Display and Store of the Year. With a growing concern, Sportsgirl faces a lot competition. The main issue that is being discussed for the weaknesses, are whether or not Sportsgirl can keep up with the ever growing demands the customer and keeping up to date with fashion. As with strengths in a business comes a variety of weakness, which include; †¢A lot of competition. Such fashion stores as Dotti, Tempt, Valleygirl, Wish etc are proving to be very competitive as they offer similar clothes and market at the exact target audience. †¢Competition that offers similar products †¢Prices with fashion †¢Keeping up with fashion †¢Providing what customers want Limited range of clothing †¢Suitable for limited age group †¢No establishment in America (Major clothing country) †¢Limited to only a few 1st and 2nd World Countries †¢Unable to fully understand what their customers look for †¢Differentiating between wants and needs With a booming business like Sportsgirl, it has all the opportunities to expand outside the reaches of Australasi a to their friendly cohort in the United States of America and Europe. The US and Europe alike have a strong and positive reputation to be some of best fashion capitals in the world. There is a lot of money being made in both the fashion and beauty markets, majorly for women. Perhaps, Sportsgirl could branch similar brands into their neighbouring market, men’s fashion. With a surprisingly success from creation, Cotton On, another well known Australian brand name, create and produce and large majority of their products sold in their outlets. If Sportsgirl could create and can produce their own range of sporting and glamour clothes, they could become one step ahead of the competition in the market. Furthermore, this is a great pportunity to become a more unique and original clothing brand. This build a stronger reputation by promoting that Sportsgirl is not just like all the other clothing outlets in the market. On the upside, Sportsgirl have the possibility to; †¢Introduce a new products into the market for fashion (make-up) †¢To prepare for seasons ahead of schedule (expanding factories) †¢Establish relationships with other companies †¢ Recruit fresh and young ideas – holiday promotions †¢Could expand into a hair care range †¢Chance to expand into a different product market Opportunity to sponsor sporting heroes (attracting fans) †¢Fundraise for special charities (i. e. breast cancer, poverty, homelessness, disabled) †¢Opportunity to give back to the community – community service, eco-friendly products †¢Expand franchises into more 1st world locations (Europe, America) o (American’s love Australian fashion think Sass and Bide) On the downside in the clothing market, Sportsgirl is unfortunately among the many similar clothing outlets for woman in Australasia. With a lot of outlets in the market for clothing comes a lot of competition for the same target audience. Apart from the obvious threat from opposing clothing company is the oblivious menace, the misuse of company resources by customers and staff. †¢Large market for clothing (lots of competition) †¢Large competition for same age bracket †¢Too many similar stores †¢Misuse of company resources oTheft oLoss of stock = loss of money †¢Unable to compete with the higher quality clothing brands Sportsgirl is one the biggest woman’s clothing brand in Australia and has definitely has a large comparative advantage over their competitors in the market, which is demonstrated in the annual Melbourne fashion show. Sportsgirl tends to display are large number of the hottest trends and must-have looks in to-die-for clothing which takes home a variety of awards at the end of the night. The most recent awards from 2006 include; Australia’s best Retail Chain, Most Impressive Retailer Revamp, Best Customer Service and Best Merchandising/Window Display and Store of the Year. Sportsgirl therefore proves that despite its threats and weaknesses from competitors in the market it displays numerous excellent qualities. Sportsgirl is indeed a extremely popular, well known brand that is aimed at the specific market which spends the most money. However always with an extreme success of a business there is a weakness which is that Limited range of clothing Suitable for limited age group, and as there are so many ages and types of clothing out there Sportsgirl is missing out on money making opportunities. However on the upside Sportsgirl have the possibility to expand into a hair care range and to expand franchises into more 1st world locations (Europe, America) as it is evident that American’s love Australian fashion thinks Sass and Bide.

Disability Attorneys of Michigan Helps Local Secretary

Disability Attorneys of Michigan Helps Local Secretary Disability Attorneys of Michigan Help Local Secretary Get Disability Benefits Carol was a secretary for years, but due to severe back pain, she could no longer work. She had no income and needed social security disability benefits. Carol heard about Disability Attorneys of Michigan and called us for help.We fought and won Carol a monthly check. If you’re unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan at 800-949-2900. We’ll fight to get you the disability benefits you need.If you have a physical or mental impairment and are unable to work you may be eligible for disability benefits. Disability Attorneys of Michigan have helped thousands of people win the disability benefits they need. Living with a disability is hard enough, but without income life is a real struggle.Call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation. We’ll speak with you for free and let you know if we can help you get a monthly check. If we do not win your disability case, you owe us nothing. We only get paid if we win your disability benefi ts.The Disability Attorneys of Michigan work hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical or mental impairment, contact the Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free case consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s Leading Social Security Disability Law Firm Help You Get The Benefits You Deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan. Compassionate Excellence.

Social work Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social work - Personal Statement Example f social assistance and responsibility, work to enhance practices of social work in developing countries, and successfully educate my audiences and patients on ways to empower themselves and pursue a healthy lifestyle. I enjoy helping people in need. Making a difference in people’s lives is the main reason for choosing a career in social work. I acquired some understanding in the field of family and child social care while growing up in a foster care ran by my aunt. I valued the intense hard work put into caring for the children individually. I realised from an early age that I would like knowing more about this field. I also volunteered at a child services centre to gain a better insight into the kind of skills and resources required to support needy children. I learned more about the role of a social worker in terms of working on multidisciplinary care reviews that helped the child services centre determine their current necessities and wishes. In the process, the centre recognized its future aims and preferred outcomes. Eventually, I helped the children become enabled, independent, realise their civil liberties, responsibilities, identity, and build on their self-worth. I enjoy dealing with children. At the social services centre, I offered constant emotional support to the children, especially during challenging events and development stages. This supports involves learning ways to communicate with children regarding sensitive more embarrassing issues in an appropriate way. As a result, I understood and was ready to support their responses to my social working skills and therapy methods. This post significantly enhanced my communication skills, patience with children, and initiative to offer social support. I needed this enhancement considering I only had experience with children going back to the foster care ran by my aunt when I was 12 years old. I enjoy helping children come more aware of newly learned principles and beliefs while expressing respect for

Advantages and the Use of Online Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advantages and the Use of Online Business - Essay Example This paper tells that the internet is a fast and easy sharing tool of information, which makes it the most important tool of the new era. The Internet has been the catalyst for the change and development of the business world in the generation. It has become indispensable for the companies to gain the maximum benefit with lower fixed costs and investments, through their resources. This is done by using the most efficient manner to compete with rivals in terms of crises. Aydin & Kavaklioglu uses content analysis method in their study on the website www.kitapix.com to make sales directly to the final consumer over the internet. This website was formed in 2009 under a low budget but established a customer group in a spell. Low investment costs and low fixed costs benefits, made e-commerce much more attractive for other companies. Besides the low costs, Baird notes that e-commerce may reach to a large geographical area with unlimited boundaries of service time and provide a great competi tive advantage to the businesses. For example, in the retail industry, merchandise assortments can increase inventory carrying costs and expenditures, which are caused by product returns. To control these costs, many retailers have maintained relatively few stock-keeping units (SKUs), which yield a pattern of awareness in sales commonly known as the 80/20 rule and described by the Pareto Principle. Another example is that some people have claimed that the surge of Internet retail activity can dilute this concentrated pattern of sales by lowering consumer search costs. As a result, they have argued that Internet commerce may contribute to an expansion in the share of sales by niche products, thereby creating a longer tail in the distribution of SKU sales. This phenomenon may ultimately make it more attractive to sell a greater variety of SKUs without incurring excessive carrying and product return costs.

Analysis Of The CMA CGM Company

Analysis Of The CMA CGM Company CMA CGM (2010a) is the worlds third largest container shipping company and is ranked number one in France who offers a complete range of activities including shipping, handling facilities in port as well as logistics on land. Its main objective is to offer customers all over the world a proactive, innovative service which reconciles quality and high performance with protection of the environment. The founder and CEO of CMA CGM Mr. Jacques R Saade is guiding the group from the begining to till date confidently and wish to develop and run in future of container shipping. CMA CGM has always integrated security, safety and environmental concerns in their development strategies and used the latest technology to minimize the pollution. Figure (Diagram) 1. Greenhouse gas emmission by transportation (River Shuttle Containers, 2010) The River shuttle containers (2010) of CMA CGM calculated the benefit of waterways carries for protecting the environment comparing with the land transportation. Enhance to reduce the pollution they introducesd the river shuttle container barge in French teritory and Europe. Figure (Diagram)2. History of CMA CGM developed by author ( CMA CGM, 2010b) CMA CGM is operating by its own brand shipping line CMA CGM and other subsidiaries for integrating the organisation and adding value for customization in container shipping market.CMA CGM worldwide subsidiaries for strengthening group activities in transportation area which are as follows:- Container Shipping Line Delmas. Expert in African region OTAL Africa Line. Maximum coverage in west Africa CNC Line-Specialist for Intra -Asia line ANL- Leader in Oceania Mac Andrews Dedicated in Intra European trade COMANOV. Specialist for Morocco US Lines. Specialist for transpacific and Australasia trade. Multimodal River Shuttle Containers LTI France Progeco CMA Rail Logistics Services 1) CMA CGM Logistics 2) TCX Multimodal Logistics International Tourism Compagnie du ponant Tapis rouge International Partir en cargo The Travellers club The CMA CGMs (CMA CGM, 2009) e-commerce services offer a full range of online business which are comparatively easy, safe and efficient to the customer and planned to eliminate the paper and making the flow of faster information around the clock. They are highly integrated in transport sector of the world by connecting the regional leader in transportation like ANL in Australia. World shipping council (2009) repoted that CMA CGM has become an international operator serving maritime shipping routes around the world with door-to-door services combining maritime shipping with rail, river and highway transport. They expanded their business by a growth strategy and sustained capital spending which is powered by the joint force of jiant shipping leaders from USA ( US Lines ) to Africa ( OTAL line of Africa). The Group has built its success on the strong values of quality, innovation, imagination and anticipation. The CMA CGM (Marinelog, 2009) group inaugurated the French Asia Line or FAL service ( Asia to Europe) in partnership with MAERSK line ( No 1 in container shipping) by their latest vessel CMA CGM CHRISTOPHE COLOMB, one of the worlds largest container ship having 13344 TEU capacity. This vessel is integrated by latest environmental technologies that actively contribute battle against global warming and CO2 emission. In ( The Journal of Commerce ,2010) this global economic downturn, CMA CGM affected and had $5 billion in debts following the worst downturn in container shipping history also a series of steep losses from hedging deals on oil prices. The company (The Financial Times, 2010) is unable to complete the payment for new ships also taking the delivery from shipyards where the Greek ship-owner brought the ordered ship. They are trying to manage the capital from outside of the country because Frances FSI strategic investment fund is normally to invest alongside other, conventional investors. The State-owned fund of Qatar is offereing $ 1 billion for recovering the losses and faces the unwanted situation of the CMA CGM group. Advance Shipping, Environment Minded is the motto of CMA CGM about environment protection in this climate change and frequent change of world weather condition. They are awarded about the environment and know-how its ability to innovate and prepared to protect the environment. They are committed to sustainable development and respect for nature relies on numerous environmental initiatives to minimize the impact of transporting activities and trying to develop alternative transportation modes. PESTLE ANALYSIS The simplest( Rugman and Collinson,2006 ) form of understanding the paticular competitive environment or investment contexts for firms at the national or international level is PEST analysis which examines the political,economical , socio-cultural and technological condotions of a organisation.In addition legal and environmental factors created the full form of PESTLE analysis by which it is easy to assess new investment environment as an input into global expansion and market entry strategies.The enivironment is very important for doing business in this uncertain world also in globalized economy. After understanding the internal factors of the organistion (Strength and Weakness), need to assess the other factors for competing with others or adding value to create such an environment for sustainity. Figure (Diagram)3. PESTLE Analysis (Developed by Author) In a study of business environment, Johnson et al (2007) identified three layers which are as follows:- The most general layer of the environment is macro-environment as framed the PESTLE which strategies are affected by influences and some of the ways for seeking to handle the outer aspects of the organisation. The broad general layer is the industry or sector as framed five forces which strategies are concentrated the cycles of competition among the organisations. The most immediate layer is markets and competitors which strategies are concentrated to identify direct and indirect competitors. Overall, PESTLE analysis is tool identify the major external factors for running the organisation within a limited arena where opportunities are unlimited but threat may be influenced to stop the activities. PESTLE ANALYSIS OF CMA CGM Political As a European shipping company also to be a french line, CMA CGM has a stable political adventages in own region and over the world. They are getting exclusive cooperation from French government and European Union for extending the business globally. Due to their subsidiries presency in Africa, USA and others, they are able to manage any political issues by their partner and directly. Economical CMA CGM is passing a very tough economic time because of the downturn. They are in crisis from the begining of 2009 where 2008 shows ahuge profit. The Financial time reported that the company is trying to solve the problem by procuring the fund fron government or outside of the country. Sociocultural CMA CGM (2010C) plays a significant role in humaintarean development of the world and commited to promote the well-being of the children, particularly children with disabilities or length illnesses. Handicap International and the International Red Cross is the social partner for supporting the childrens mental and physical development. CMA CGM corporate foundation also support various artistic activities includingg the socaial and cultural activities in port and shipping sector. The foundation contributed in humanitarean and cultural program by working in Franch and Lebanon. Over 60 projects are running by reneoed humanitarean and cultural organisation funded by CMA CGM foundation. Technological E-business is the main systems of container shipping and CMA CGM is serving throgh e-business. Every information related to shipping operations and corporate are available on their website and customer can know any information regarding their cargo or others business function from the corporate website also from the subsidiary website. All vessels are manoeuvring by using latest technilogy which are safest and envirionment friendly. Environmental The Group (CMA CGM,2009) has a plan to cut CO2 emissions by 15 % per container and per kilometre. They will preserve the budget for ocean environment also develop the portfolio which will be environment friendly services and shipping solutions. Fighting against the negative impact of climate or climate change is the key component of Groups environmental policy. The equipment or container of the company is going to convert into eco container for reducing the use carbon as raw material. Most of the vessel of the company is equipped with a combination of innivative environmental features likw fast oil recovery system, multichamber waste compactor to recycle garbage on board , proper water ballast systems and etc. CMA CGM is awraded by Long Beach Harbour in their Green Flag Program . Legal CMA CGM expanded their business through merger and acquisition recently. They owned various lines as per international legal policy and financial tranjection and paying all kinds of tax and duties to the respective government.All vessel of the company are manoeuvering as international standard rules and regulations imposed by IMO (International Maritime Organisation) or other shipping authority. CORPORATE STRATEGY Grant (2005) defines corporate strategy as the scope of the firm in terms of the industries and markets in which it competes and decides the investment procedures through diversification, integration, merger, foreign direct investment, acquisition etc. In a mult-business ( Lasserre,2007) corporation , the corporate stragy features the long term objectives, selecting business portfolio, allocating resources across businesses and designing its structure, systems and processes. Corporate (Koveos, 1997)history has featured lots of ways or approached foe restrucering the company both internally and externally. External restructuring has taken place through a variety of mechanisms including Mergers and Acquisitions. He added that changed world business system augmented by the transition of so many previously planned economies to a new market based framework. Synergy (Koveos, 1997) from mergers or other restructuring activity has been characteristically portrayed as 2+2=5. For getting the c ompettitive advantages or extra benefit from the synergy and entrancing the market or decreasing the barriers, the restructuring process is doing through corporate strategy like mergers and acquisitions. 05. MERGER ACQUSITION The main theme of corporate business strategy is integration of the company. Integrating process may be diversification, Merger and Acquisition, FDI, CSR or any other strategic application. Galpan Herndon (2007) found that well managed integration in an organisation can achieve significant results in working and positive outcomes in a disciplined, acclerreated and resealt-oriented approaches of the employee. Figure (Diagram)5. Merger and acquisition developed by author In a study of strategic management ,Thompson Strickland (2003:p-177) expressed that no company can afford to ignore the strategic and competitive benefits of acquiring or merging with another company to strengthen its market position and open up avenues of new opportunity. That is why MA is one of the best option for penetrating the own product into new market or kill the rivalry for decreasing the competition at present market. 06. MOTIVES FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS In a study Panayides Gong (2002) stated two major motives of MA in shipping industry and these are Value- maximization and Strategic marketing motives.Value -maximization motives divided into three parts which are as follows:- 01. Market Power. It impacted to the present market and may be extended the business with the help of merged or acquired company. Panayides Gong (2002) brought an example of a shipping company. The case of CP ships and its 1994 acquisition of CAST (Shipping Company) a major competitor of CP ships in the port of Montreal- provide anecdotal evidence completely changed and controlled 85% of the container business in a relatively short period. 02. Efficiency Increase. 03. Operating and Financial synergies. Operating synergies may arise as a result of revenue enhancements and/or cost reductions that are effected from the merger The major strategic objectives of shipping companies may include the acquisition of market share, the expansion or entry into new markets (geographical or new services), acquisition of management skills to argument firm capabilities in relation to new growth areas and the transfer of management capabilities to acquired firms to assists rebuilding. 07. MERGER ACQUISITION IN SHIPPING Maritime industries are prone to uncertainties and risks for their global activities where competitive pressure releted to larger but fewer players. Due to globalization of the world trade especially in shipping, shipping companies are trying to make a global chain for providing the services from door to door as well as adding value by covering the all places of the world. This is the main logistic aims of container shipping to diversify the business by offering wide range of benefits and economic facilities from the origin to the final destination. Minimizing the barriers which are blocked to serve in the chain, they are integrating their compnany by global strategies viz Diversification, MA and etc. Year Coverage 1982 26% 1992 42% 2008 60% Figure (Table) 6. World slot coverage by top 20 carriers (Notteboom Rodrigue ,nd) In 1982, the world slot is coverd by top 20 carriers was 26% and it tremendously incresed in 2008 and the highest 60%. The world container or slot is increasing but the business is going to the limited operators. Merger and acuisition strategy is playing the main role fordeceasing numbof operators. Internationalization and globalization both are created the competitive enivironment in container shipping industry. Preliminary, it transform to the liner service and taking slot from other operators for reducing cost or customization by mother connection with the feeder or quick service. After that the alliances of some opertors like OOCL MISC, former PO and NYK made Global alliance (OOCL, 2010) in 1998 and more allinaces by leading operator driven exclusive business dynamics in this trade. After (Heaver et all, 1993) huge loss in north atlantic container trade in 1993, all operators tried in several times to develop cartel agreements like Transatlantic Agreement (TAA) by determining rates, capacity, supply of the vessel for gaining and minimizing the lost .Acquisition of Australian National Line ANL by CMA CGM or takeover of APL by NOL were the big dealing in ocean conatiner shipping. Surprizingly, MAERSK line (PO Nedlloyd, 2005) merged its core competotr company PO Neddlloyd in 2 005 and expressed as the largest shipping company of the world. Not only horigental integration but also vertical integration of shipping company created more competition in the container shipping market. Furthermore, merger and acquisition is extended to port terminal management, intermodal systems, tourism industry, and shipbuilding for getting more advantages and fullfill the main motto of container shippiing servces (Stopford, 1997) that means door to door service. 08. INTEGRATION OF CMA CGM GROUP Shipping Line Shipping Line A B C D E Shipping Agents or General Sales Agents at Various Port and Country Cargo Handling Company or Stevedores or Terminal Operator Freight Forwarder Or NVOCC ( Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier) Inland Transport Operator or Intermodal or multimodal operator Figure (Diagram)7. Transport Chain Integration based on shipping line example Freeman (2009) argued that containerisation prepares the basis ground of integration in both vertically and horizentally. It is the demand to create the chain or making a system for transpoting the box or container smothly. The main components are Main Line opeations, terminal operations, Intermodal and logistics. The containers are mainly owned by the operator and repositioning from one place to another frequently. So, the responsibilty of the carriers is not finishing by giving only the one service. CORPORATE SHIPPING CONTRACT Vertical Integration of CMA CGM Group LOGISTICS Figure(Diagram) 8. Vertical Integration of CMA CGM Group developed by author. The company integrated vertically by creating the business of logistics, terminal business and intermodal in various countries (Road and rail facilities). Land Transport International and Transit International are two transport channel of trucking and forwarding company for caring the cargo from/to the consignee premises to/from the port or internal transfer from one place to another. The River shuttle containers ( 2010) is the cheaper and more ecological transportation of containers by barge or rail services which are operated in all over the Europe as door to door intermodal services. In addition they have corporate shipping contract with the industry players and international organisation CMA CGM logistics . CMA rail has two subsidiries where 100 % in europe rail link and 55% in Algeria rail link ( Northern Africa). Moreover, they are expanding their rail network in USA and India.TCX multimodal and Progeco covered the area of multimodal carriage which are help to add value in thei r main business.CMA CGM ( The Hindu Business Line,2006)has two subsidiries in terminal and port operations Terminal Link and Portsynergy which are operated in Malta, France, Morocco, North Eastern Europe, USA and Togo. However, they eastablished the supply chain network from the bonded warehouse to ocean tranportation facilities by their subsidiries and independent network of transport. Horigental Integration of CMA CGM Group Container shipping transpotation is the main business of CMA CGM group. They owned the seven container lines of the world ANL, DELMAS OTAL and others to cover the all port and places of the world. As per their strategies, they merged or acquired these lines for getting the compettitive advantages in a specific region and connecting with the main line of CMA CGM. 09. CONCLUSION The Shipping industry (Casson, 1986) has an important role in contemporary restructuring of world trade. Containerisation made the easy transportation of commodity especially for manufaturing goods ant its raw materials. Integration (Freemont, 2009) of the transport chain come up against the financial, technical and human resource capacity of the different actors involved in this trade. Merger and Acquisition of a company is the fruits of research to cover the area for adding value in the shipping services. Other factors like culture, attitude of key employee and environment also key factors to adapt or sustain after merger and acquisition. CMA CGM is the great example of MA for their group activities from the very begining to till date but recent recession affected the group and trying to survive. However, they are trying to manage the fund from outside of the Group (The Financial Times,2010). Corporate business strategy will help them to do better work for upcoming business trends. As shipping is the big business where risk is high and low return, the strategy may be considered carefully and economically.

“A Pair of Silk Stockings” and “The Wagner Matinee

A Pair of Silk Stockings† and â€Å"A Wagner Matinee† and â€Å"The These two novels have a lot in common. Each of them has its own storyline but each seems to discuss the same topic and have the same meaning. Woman in that time were greatly underrepresented ad were unable to do a lot of things that they wanted to do in their life. They were expected to be nothing more than mothers and wives. Each of these novels portrays something more, and how they were able to enjoy themselves outside of family life.In the novel â€Å"A pair Of Silk Stockings† Mrs.. Somers splurges a little bit even though it goes against all the responsibilities she has as a mother and wife, she does something for herself. In â€Å"A Wagner Matinee† Aunt Georgian has gotten into the habit, the same as Mrs.. Somers, of just being a wife and a mother. The story shows a time when Georgian was able to be herself before she had kids and gained responsibility for them, a time where she loved music and to create music.She is able to relive that in the story because f her nephew and what he did for her by taking her to the musical even if it seemed she wasn't interested. Looking at the two and comparing them you see two woman who have forgotten what it is like to do things for themselves, who have focused so much of their energy on being a wife and a mother that they cannot remember spending time and money on themselves. In this time period that each of them take place in it must have been hard to care for a family and it must have taken a lot of energy, each lady got the opportunity.

Ethical and Legal Issue in Nursing Essay

Describe the legal responsibilities of nurses in the work setting. Within the nursing license, the nurse is legally bound to practice within the scope of nursing that each state defines by a Nurse Practice Act (NPA). The scope includes upholding the patient bill of rights and total patient care. According to the NLN (Springhouse, 2004), â€Å"Patients have the right to information about their diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment — including alternatives to care and risks involved — in terms they and their families can readily understand, so that they can give their informed consent.† For the family of Marianne, it is the nurse’s professional responsibility, within the nursing scope of practice, to provide education to Marianne’s family. Springhouse (2004) states, â€Å"For best results, patient teaching should include the family and others involved in the patient’s care. If family members understand the reason for a patient’s treatment , they’ll be more willing to provide emotional support.† This education will ensure that Marianne’s husband will make an informed decision regarding his wife’s care and help Marianne’s children to understand their father’s decision. If the husband does decide to attempt surgery for the blood clot as recommended by the physician, then the nurse must ensure that Marianne’s husband understands the procedures along with the risks involved. The nurse is responsible for objectively documenting any plans of care and any actions taken relating to the plan of care. A nurse’s legal responsibility to the patient includes reporting incidents. In the case study where the nurse is called as a witness to a malpractice suit, the nurse failed fulfilled their fundamental duty of patient protection. Initially, upon witnessing negligent care from another nurse, an incident report was immediately filed within the healthcare institution. The nurse also took notes of the negligence the other nurse performed. According to Blais (2011), â€Å"When called into court as a witness, the nurse has a duty to assist justice as far as possible.† This duty will include answering questions regarding the incident. It is important for the nurse to remember that answering questions truthfully and objectively will ensure the appropriate justice will occur. Springhouse (2004). Nurse’s Legal Handbook (5th Edition). Philadelphia, PA,

PGP Desktop TCP - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6388 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Task-1:-PGPPage-5-To-14 Problem statement Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "PGP Desktop TCP" essay for you Create order Download PGP Desktop software.. Experiment with new installation using the following features: 1.Key management .. 2.Securing E-mail Messages 3.Securing Instant Messaging . c) Experiment and report on the remaining option available under the licence.. Task-2:- TCP/IP SecurityPage-15-To-20 Problem statement Why TCP/IP Network are considered unsecured. Describe the following technologies: SSL (Secure Socket Layer).. IPSec (IP Security). Kerbaros.. Task-3:- Hardware and softwarePage-21-To-26 Problem statement Differences between Windows NT,Windows XP and UNIX Differences between HIDS and NIDS Task-4:- Buffer overrunsPage27-To-32 Problem statement How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. THREE C++ functions ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow. Solution Task-1 Experiment with new installation using the following features: 1.Key management 2.Securing E-mail Messages 3.Securing Instant Messaging 1.Key management: Whenmanaged by a PGP Universal Server, PGP Desktop 9.x provides a secure recovery mechanism for private keys, called KeyReconstruction. As its name suggests, Key Reconstruction can be used to reconstruct (or restore) your private Key if you have forgotten its passphrase, or if you have deleted your private Key . To take advantage of Key Reconstruction, you send Key reconstruction data to a reconstruction server (a PGP Universal Server that is managing your PGP Desktop)while you stillhave your private Key and remember its passphrase. The reconstruction data for your private Key consists of five questions, that you may create, and five answers that only you know. After you have sent your reconstruction questions and answers to the server, you may reconstruct your private Key at any time by answering 3 of the 5questions correctly. If you have deleted your private Keyor forgottenits passphrase before sending reconstruction questions and answers to the server, you cannot regain your private Key using KeyReconstruction. If you need help understanding any of the concepts mentioned above, please read the following Crypto Concepts section. Otherwise, feel free to skip down and Reconstruct your private Key Crypto Concepts Private Key When you install PGP Desktop you are prompted to create a keypair, which is comprised of two related keys: a public Key and a private Key Your private Key is used for decrypting something that was encrypted using your related public Key, as well as generating digital signatures that can be verified using your public Key As its name suggests, your private Key. should be kept totally private, and should be protected by a strong passphrase. Key Reconstruction For detailed technical information about Key Reconstruction, please refer to the white paper Inside PGP Key Reconstruction (from the PGP Corporation White Papers). Reconstruct Your Private Key Click the PGP Tray lock icon in your system tray and then click Open PGP Desktop: Click the PGP Keys control box. Select the keyring that contains your Key Click the Key that you wish to reconstruct: To reconstruct a private Key, you must have its associated public Key on your keyring. If you dont have a copy of your public Key, you might try downloading it from a Keyserver, such as your PGP Universal Server or the PGP Global Directory. Otherwise, contact your administrator to obtain a copy of your public Key Now click the Keys menu andclick Reconstruct: Answer 3 of the 5 Key reconstruction questions correctly, then click OK: The answers are case sensitive, and must be entered precisely as they were when you first sent them to the server. If you are certain that nobody can see your screen, you might want to check the box labeled Show Keystrokes, so that you can verify your answers. After you have answered 3 of the 5 Key reconstruction questions correctly, you must enter and confirm a new passphrase for your private Key , then click OK: When you are notified that Key reconstruction was successful, click OK: 2.Securing Email Messages When PGP Messaging is enabled, you will find that PGP will begin encrypting your E-mail accounts by default. This will occur when you open your E-mail application for the first time after installing PGP Desktop 9.x, and you send/receive E-mail. If you are communicating with other PGP users through E-mail PGP Desktop can automatically encrypt and sign Messages to PGP users depending on the policies that have been set within PGP Desktop under the Messaging section. PGP Desktop does configure default policies if you do not wish to create your own. These default encryption policies will be reviewed in Section 3 of this document. New encryption policies will be described in Section 4 of this document. Enable PGP Messaging PGP Messaging is enabled by default during installation. However, if you disabled PGP Messaging during installation, there are two ways to enable this feature. They are as follows: Locate the PGP Desktop icon (padlock) in the system tray. Click the PGP Desktop padlock and click Use PGP E-mail Proxy. The option will have a black check mark next to it when it is enabled. Open PGP Desktop through the Programs/All Programs menu and select the Tools menu. Click Use PGP E-mail Proxy. The option will have a black check mark next to it when it is enabled. Assign a PGP Key to a PGP Messaging Service PGP Messaging requires a PGP Key to secure the E-mail account(s). To assign a key to a messaging service for the first time, do the following: When you open your E-mail application for the first time after installing PGP Desktop, PGP will display the E-mail Account Detected window after sending/receiving mail. Select Yes, secure this E-mail account, and then click Next. You may select one of many key sources. If you created a key pair during installation, then generally, the option you would select is PGP Desktop Key. You can also create a new key pair, or import a previously exported key pair. After choosing the source, click Next. Highlight the key to be used for this E-mail account and click Next. Click Finish. You are now ready to encrypt mail through this E-mail account and proceed with section 3. Review Default E-mail Encryption Policies Two encryption policies are set by default. These policies are: Require Encryption: [PGP] Confidential. This policy specifies that any message flagged as confidential in your E-mail client or containing the text [PGP] in the subject line must be encrypted to a valid recipient public key or it cannot be sent. Opportunistic Encryption. Specifies that any message for which a key to encrypt cannot be found should be sent without encryption (in the clear). Having this policy the last policy in the list ensures that your Message will always be sent, albeit in the clear, even if a key to encrypt it to the recipient cannot be found. Do not put Opportunistic Encryption first in the list of policies (or anywhere but last, for that matter) because when PGP Desktop finds a policy that matches, and Opportunistic Encryption matches everything, it stops searching and implements the matching policy. So if a policy is lower on the list than Opportunistic Encryption, it will never be implemented. The list of policies is read from the top down, so be sure to put Opportunistic Encryption last in the list. The default policies Require Encryption: [PGP] Confidential and Opportunistic Encryption cannot be modified or deleted, but they can be disabled. Create New E-mail Encryption Policies If you would like to create additional encryption policies, the steps to do so are described as follows: Open PGP Desktop. Locate the PGP Messaging control box on the left. This will display different configured services and the Messaging Log options. Within the PGP Messaging control box, select a configured service (e.g. [emailprotected]/* */). The settings for the service appear in the PGP Messaging work area, including the list of existing security policies. This is the right hand pane. Click New Policy in the PGP Messaging Control box OR pull down the Messaging menu and click New Messaging Policy. After the Message Policy dialog appears, enter a description of the policy in the top field offered. Specify the conditions to be met and the action to be performed. Specify a course of action to take if the recipient key is not found. For detailed descriptions of the available conditions and actions, please refer to your PGP Desktop Users Guide (.pdf). This is located in StartProgramsPGPDocumentation. Policies are applied in the order that they are listed. You can change the order by highlighting the policy you wish to move and clicking the up or down arrow at the bottom of the Security Policies window to move it. Understanding the PGP Messaging Log The PGP Messaging Log, located in the PGP Messaging control box, is instrumental in describing the actions taken by PGP Messaging in processing E-mail . View Log For: This item at the top left will allow you to view the logs of the current day or up to seven days past. Just select the day you wish to view. View Level: This option in the upper right will allow you to view logs related to general information, warnings, error Message , and may even be set to verbose for greater detail of each item previously mentioned. Saving Daily Log If you wish to save the log file for a specific day, display the correct day and click Save at the bottom of the Messaging Log work screen. Specify the location to save the file and click Save again. Shred Log Use the Shred Log option to clean the contents of the Messaging Log for the currently displayed day. 3.Securing Instant Messaging AIM sessions between two systems running PGP Desktop 9.x are protected automatically when PGP Desktop 9.x is installed and the PGP AIM Proxy is enabled. Both AIM users MUST have PGP Desktop 9.x installed for the session to be encrypted. It is not sufficient that one user have PGP Desktop installed. Both must have the AIM Proxy enabled. Both users also have to be added to the buddy list in the AIM settings. Enable PGP AIM Proxy The PGP AIM Proxy is enabled by default if the option was not unchecked during installation. If the proxy is disabled, there are two ways to enable it. These methods are as follows: Click on the PGP Desktop padlock in the system tray. Click Use PGP AIM Proxy. The option will have a check by it when enabled. Open PGP Desktop through StartProgramsPGP menu. Pull down the Tools menu, and click Use PGP AIM Proxy. How to Know the Session is Encrypted When the option is enabled you should see an alert in the system tray which states PGP Desktop Secured AOL Instant Messenger session for [screen name] has started. Additionally, other users will see a padlock next to your screen name. You. will see in the conversation a note that the conversation is being encrypted by PGP Desktop. Solution Task-2 a) Why TCP/IP Network are considered unsecured. W hen TCP/IP was designed in the early 1980s, security was not a primary concern. However, in the years since their inception, the lack of security in the TCP/IP protocols has become more of a problem. The widespread use and availability of the TCP/IP protocol suite has exposed its weaknesses. Presented here are a number of well-known vulnerabilities of both TCP/IP itself, and of some protocols commonly used along with TCP/IP (such as DNS). TCP SYN attacks IP Spoofing Sequence Guessing Source Routing Connecting Hijacking Source Routing Connecting Hijacking Desynchronization during connection establishment Desynchronization in the middle of a connection Routing (RIP) attacks ICMP attacks DNS attacks The lack of unique identifiers a) TCP SYN attacks In an Internet environment, high message latency and loss are not uncommon, resulting in messages that arrive late or in nonsequential order. The TCP half of TCP/IP uses sequence numbers so that it can ensure data is given to the user in the correct order, regardless of when the data is actually received. These sequence numbers are initially established during the opening phase of a TCP connection, in the three-way handshake. SYN attacks take advantage of a flaw in how most hosts implement this three-way handshake When Host B receives the SYN request from A, it must keep track of the partially opened connection in a listen queue for at least 75 seconds. This is to allow successful connections even with long network delays. Figure: SYN Flooding b) IP Spoofing IP Spoofing is an attack where an attacker pretends to be sending data from an IP address other than its own [Morris85, Bellovin89]. The IP layer assumes that the source address on any IP packet it receives is the same IP address as the system that actually sent the packet it does no authentication. c) Sequence Guessing The sequence number used in TCP connections is a 32 bit number, so it would seem that the odds of guessing the correct ISN are exceedingly low. However, if the ISN for a connection is assigned in a predictable way, it becomes relatively easy to guess. This flaw in TCP/IP implementations was recognized as far back as 1985, when Robert Morris described how to exploit predictable ISNs in BSD 4.2, a Unix derivative [Morris85]. Figure :IP Spoofing via Sequence Guessing d) Source Routing Another variant of IP spoofing makes use of a rarely used IP option, Source Routing. Source routing allows the originating host to specify the path (route) that the receiver should use to reply to it. An attacker may take advantage of this by specifying a route that by-passes the real host, and instead directs replies to a path it can monitor Although simple, this attack may not be as successful now, as routers are commonly configured to drop packets with source routing enabled. Figure : Source Routing Describe the following technologies: 1) SSL (Secure Socket Layer) 2) IPSec (IP Security) 3) Kerbaros Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol was developed by Netscape Communications, and enables secure communication over the Internet. SSL works at the transport layer of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which makes the protocol independent of the application layer protocol functioning on top of it. SSL is an open standard protocol and is supported by a range of both servers and clients. SSL can be utilized for the following: Encrypt Web traffic using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). When HTTP is utilized together with SSL, it is known as HTTPS. SSL is generally utilized to authenticate Web servers, and to encrypt communications between Web browsers and Web servers. Encrypt mail and newsgroup traffic. SSL provides the following features for securing confidential data as it transverses over the Internet: Authentication Data integrity Data confidentiality through encryption The SSL handshake process is described below: The client initiates the SSL handshake process by sending a URL starting with the following: https:// to the server. The client initially sends the Web server a list of each encryption algorithm which it supports. Algorithms supported by SSL include RC4 and Data Encryption Standard (DES). The client also sends the server its random challenge string which will be utilized later in the process. The Web server next performs the following tasks: Selects an encryption algorithm from the list of encryption algorithms supported by, and received from the client. Sends the client a copy of its server certificate. Sends the client its random challenge string 2. IPSec (IP Security) IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) is a framework for a set of protocols for security at the network or Packet processing layer of network communication. Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the application layer of the communications model. IPsec is said to be especially useful for implementing virtual private networks and for remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPsec is that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individual user computers. IPsec provides two choices of security service: Authentication Header (AH), which essentially allows authentication of the sender of data, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which supports both authentication of the sender and encryption of data as well. The specific information associated with each of these services is inserted into the packet in a header that follows the IP packet header. Separate key protocols can be selected, such as the ISAKMP/Oakley protocol. Security architecture IPsec is implemented by a set of cryptographic protocols for (1) securing packet flows,mutual authentication and establishing cryptographic parameters. The IP security architecture uses the concept of a security association as the basis for building security functions into IP. A security association is simply the bundle of algorithms and parameters (such as keys) that is being used to encrypt and authenticate a particular flow in one direction. Therefore, in normal bi-directional traffic, the flows are secured by a pair of security associations. Kerberos : Kerberos is An Authentication Service for Computer Networks. When using authentication based on cryptography, an attacker listening to the network gains no information that would enable it to falsely claim anothers identity. Kerberos is the most commonly used example of this type of authentication technology. Modern computer systems provide service to multiple users and require the ability to accurately identify the user making a request. In traditional systems, the users identity is verified by checking a password typed during login; the system records the identity and uses it to determine what operations may be performed. The process of verifying the users identity is called authentication. Password based authentication is not suitable for use on computer networks. Passwords sent across the network can be intercepted and subsequently used by eavesdroppers to impersonate the user. While this vulnerability has been long known, it was recently demonstrated on a major scale with the discovery of planted password collecting programs at critical points on the Internet . Authentication, Integrity, Confidentiality, and Authorization Authentication is the verification of the identity of a party who generated some data, and of the integrity of the data. A principal is the party whose identity is verified. The verifier is the party who demands assurance of the principals identity. Data integrity is the assurance that the data received is the same as generated. Authentication mechanisms differ in the assurances they provide: some indicate that data was generated by the principal at some point in the past, a few indicate that the principal was present when the data was sent, and others indicate that the data received was freshly generated by the principal Solution Task-3 rock-solid for years. Differences between Windows NT,Windows XP and UNIX UNIX is an operating system which was developed by Bell Labs, which was a subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph company. UNIX was written to run the computers which control telephone switches, and is designed to use the least amount of memory possible. As far as I know, there is no Graphical User Interface, or GUI, available for use with UNIX. Widows is an operating system designed by Microsoft, and is made to be used as a GUI. The early versions of Windows, up through Windows 2000, used Microsoft Disc Operating System, or MS-DOS, to carry out the commands initiated by pointing at an icon and clicking on it. Windows XP uses a new operating system, NT, which was also designed by Microsoft, to carry out those commands. A Windows user uses a mouse to point at icons, select them, and open them. These operations are performed without having to enter any code into the computer, because the program generates the code when the mouse is clicked on the icon. UNIX requires that the user input code to perform any operation, and this code usually includes address specifications, processing instructions, and and output address specifications. Difference between Windows and UNIX web hosting Windows and UNIX are in fact two different systems and of course we are But Windows servers have also its positive sides, they are compatible with Microsoft applications, and fully support Microsoft FrontPage, Microsoft Access and MS SQL, they also offer advance-programming environments and features such as Active Server Pages (ASP), the ASP.NET framework, Visual Basic Scripts, MS Index Server, Macromedias and Cold Fusion. Windows operating system require little or no experience in web development to get advanced features working very quickly because of better graphical user interface (GUI) Software such as Microsofts FrontPage is specially developed for the webmaster to decrease the website development time and efforts. Lets go back again to UNIX, they support FrontPage, Flash, Shockwave, Real Audio/Video, Cgi Scripts, Perl, PHP, SSH (Secure Telnet), MySQL, Web-Based Control System, Anonymous FTP, Web Site Graphical Statistics, Web-Based Email System, Miva/XML, Cold Fusion Perl, JAV A, PHP, C, C++, Miva, Shell Access and other wide verity of feature like Telnet and SSH that provides lots of flexibility and freedom in managing file and directories, but some of this require advance knowledge of Unix commands in order for you to customize the scripts to match your website needs. Because of the nature of UNIX, (open source) and the people who love it, there is on the WWW freely available software and scripts, again bringing the cost down. Concluding which one is the best, it really depends what you need, if you need high uptime, security and not so expensive then go with UNIX, if you need to run Windows applications like, MS Access or the MS SQL SERVER then Windows is your choice. Difference between Windows and UNIX programming cultures This post on Slashdot links to an article on comparison between UNIX and Windows programming cultures. However, it mostly talks of how the problem of usability is approached. Id like to take a different tack, in the difference between the API of the two systems. Windows APIs are huge. In the Microsoft world, everything seems to end up being part of the core OS services somehow. This has the advantage that you dont need to expect people to have such-and-such library. Or does it? Changes to what is the core between OS versions make compatibility somewhat nightmarish; youre never quite sure what libraries are there or not. Writing installers is a mess. MSI helps, but not if theres no MSI package for the libraries. Another side-effect of this is that Windows programmers are always learning a zillion new things. Win32 services. COM. COM+. .NET. DNA. TAPI. The list goes on and on. Many of those APIs do the exact same thing, so learning the new one is only needed because the old one becomes obsolete. Its hard to stabilize such a huge API. Core Win32 APIs have no consistent reporting. OK, this drove me up the wall when I was coding on that platform. Does the MoveWindow() return NULL or INVALID_HANDLE on error? How about CreateFile()? And whats up with the ridiculous conventions for WaitForMultipleObjects()? Sure, GetLastError() is there, but so many APIs set this (including, say, MessageBox()) that many programs end up reporting an error as The operation completed successfully. UNIX APIs tend to return ints, -1 on error with errno set, a positive integer otherwise. Period. Windows SendMessage is stupid. Granted, with MFC and such, you dont need to look at it as much. But whats the big idea of passing two parameters of a known bit-width for every message? Why not pass a void* pointing to a different struct for each message? The result: huge pain when porting from Win16 to Win32, and another huge pain that will occur when porting from Win32 to Win64. No wonder they want to move to .NET. Compare to X-Window, which uses the void* approach, and you have to admit that SendMessage() and the WindowProc() conventions are mis-designed. Some Windows services are strangely tied to physical windows. For instance, many COM calls dont work if theres no window and no message loop. This is documented, but its a pain in the ass for multithreaded programming. Ditto for timers; IIRC theres no way portable to Win98 that lets you have a timer callback without a message loop. Compare to UNIX setitimer. UNIX threading is a mess. This has improved somewhat in recent years, but I still run into problems. Linux and glibc are the big culprits there. They have changed their threading strategies several time, and each time a glitch appears, we get a finger-pointing match between the kernel and glibc team. This is annoying to say the least. At least one widely-distributed Linux distro (RedHat 9) exhibits severe problems under load, due to bugs in the glibc that are partly made worse by the JDK. In my view, threading should be a kernel service (and Im not completely alone in this viewit seems the Linux kernel is moving more and more towards that model) and it should remain stable, dammit. Sure, you could do similar things with fork(), but thats not a reasonable approach with a GC runtime. In contrast, Win32 threading has been Differences between HIDS and NIDS Host Intrusion Detection (HIDS) This real-time monitoring device alerts the administrator when a specific event has occurred such as a new user being added or any abnormal usage patterns. Host intrusion detection software detect threats aimed at your critical hosts or servers. Network Intrusion Detection(NIDS) NIDS primary responsibility is to monitor, detect and identify malicious activity on a network. Once suspicious activity is detected, an alert is generated for each activity. Comparative analysis of HIDS vs. NIDS Function HIDS NIDS Comments Protection on LAN **** **** Both systems protect you on your LAN Protection off LAN **** Only HIDS protects you when you are off the LAN Ease of Administration **** **** The admin of NIDS and HIDS is equal from a central admin perspective. Versatility **** ** HIDS are more versatile systems. Price *** * HIDS are more affordable systems if the right product is chosen. Ease of Implementation **** **** Both NIDS and HIDS are equal form a central control perspective Little Training required **** ** HIDS requires less training than NIDS Total cost of ownership *** ** HIDS cost you less to own in the long run Bandwidth requirements on (LAN) 0 2 NIDS uses up LAN bandwidth. HIDS does not. Network overhead 1 2 The NIDS has double the total network bandwidth requirements from any LAN Bandwidth requirements (internet) ** ** Both IDS need internet bandwidth to keep the pattern files current Spanning port switching requirements **** NIDS requires that port spanning be enabled to ensure that your LAN traffic is scanned. Update frequency to clients **** HIDS updates all of the clients with a central pattern file. Cross platform compatibility ** **** NIDS are more adaptable to cross platform environments. Local machine registry scans **** Only HIDS can do these types of scans. Logging *** *** Both systems have logging functionality Alarm functions *** *** Both systems alarm the individual and the administrator. PAN scan **** Only HIDS scan you personal area networks. (unless you have the $ to get a NIDS for your home) Packet rejection **** Only NIDS functions in this mode. Specialist knowledge *** **** More knowledge is required when installing and understanding how to use NIDS from a network security perspective. Central management ** *** NIDS are more centrally managed. Disable risk factor * **** NIDS failure rate is much higher than HIDS failure rate. NIDS has one point of failure. HIDS and NIDS Advantages: HIDS Advantages: The primary advantage of NIDS is that it can watch the whole network or any subsets of the network from one location. Therefore, NIDS can detect probes, scans, malicious and anomalous activity across the whole network. These systems can also serve to identify general traffic patterns for a network as well as aid in troubleshooting network problems. NIDS also is not able to understand host specific processes or protect from unauthorized physical access. NIDS Advantages: HIDS technology does not have the benefits of watching the whole network to identify patterns like NIDS does. A recommended combination of host and network intrusion detection systems, in which a NIDS is placed at the network border and an HIDS is deployed on critical servers such as databases, Web services and essential file servers, is the best way to significantly reduce risk. Solution Task-4 How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. b. Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. c. THREE C++ functions ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow. How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. A buffer overflow occurs when a program or process tries to store more data in a buffer (temporary data storage area) than it was intended to hold. Since buffers are created to contain a finite amount of data, the extra information which has to go somewhere can overflow into adjacent buffers, corrupting or overwriting the valid data held in them. Although it may occur accidentally through programming error, buffer overflow is an increasingly common type of security attack on data integrity. In buffer overflow attacks, the extra data may contain codes designed to trigger specific actions, in effect sending new instructions to the attacked computer that could, for example, damage the users files, change data, or disclose confidential information. Buffer overflow attacks are said to have arisen because the C programming language supplied the framework, and poor programming practices supplied the vulnerability. In July 2000, a vulnerability to buffer overflow attack was discovered in Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express. A programming flaw made it possible for an attacker to compromise the integrity of the target computer by simply it sending an e-mail message. Unlike the typical e-mail virus, users could not protect themselves by not opening attached files; in fact, the user did not even have to open the message to enable the attack. The programs message header mechanisms had a defect that made it possible for senders to overflow the area with extraneous data, which allowed them to execute whatever type of code they desired on the recipients computers. Because the process was activated as soon as the recipient downloaded the message from the server, this type of buffer overflow attack was very difficult to defend. Microsoft has since created a patch to eliminate the vulnerability. (b) Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. A Hybrid Method of Defense against Buffer Overflow Attacks: (1) Stack Guard : The Stack Guard compiler is the most well known dynamic method of defense against buffer overflows attacks. It is designed to detect and stop stack based buffer overflows attacks targeting the return address on the stack. It guards the return address by placing a dummy value (canary value) between the return address and the stack data just before transferring control to a function. StackGuard protection can be subverted if the attacker can guess the dummy value, or by abusing a pointer to the return address. (2) Stack Shield: This is a compiler patch for GCC , which is also based on the idea of protecting the return address on the stack. It implements three types of protection; two of them defend against overwriting of the return address and one against overwriting of function pointers. It basically implements all of them using auxiliary stacks or global variables to maintain copies of the original contents i.e. contents before function calls and then compares the respective contents before returning control, to determine if the return address or function pointers have been tampered with. (3) Propolice : Propolice is a GCC patch [7] that is perhaps the most sophisticated compiler based protection mechanism. It borrows the idea of protecting the return address with canary values from StackGuard. Additionally it protects stack allocated variables by rearranging the local variables so that character buffers are always allocated at the bottom, next to the old base pointer, where they cannot be over flown to harm any other local variables. (4) Libsafe/Libverify : This tool is similar to the solution proposed in this paper as it also provides a combination of static and dynamic protection. Statically it patches exploitable buffer manipulations functions in standard C library. A range check is done by a safe wrapper function before proceeding with the actual operation, which ensures that the return address and the base pointer cannot be overwritten.. (5) LibsafePlus: This is a newly developed tool for runtime buffer Overflow protection. The idea of their protection method is similar to that presented in this paper; that is they first collect the size information of buffers in the program and then use it to detect overflows via function call interception as in Libsafe. They use a tool called TIED: Type Information Extractor and Depositor. (c) Describe at least THREE C++ functions : Canary-based defenses. Non-executing stack defenses. Other approaches. Canary-based defenses Researcher Crispen Cowan created an interesting approach called StackGuard. Stackguard modifies the C compiler (gcc) so that a canary value is inserted in front of return addresses. The canary acts like a canary in a coal mine: it warns when something has gone wrong. Before any function returns, it checks to make sure that the canary value hasnt changed. If an attacker overwrites the return address (as part of a stack-smashing attack), the canarys value will probably change and the system can stop instead. This is a useful approach, but note that this does not protect against buffer overflows overwriting other values. 2. Non-executing stack defenses Another approach starts by making it impossible to execute code on the stack. Unfortunately, the memory protection mechanisms of the x86 processors (the most common processors) dont easily support this; normally if a page is readable, its executable. A developer named Solar Designer dreamed up a clever combination of kernel and processor mechanisms to create a non-exec stack patch for the Linux kernel; with this patch, programs on the stack can no longer be normally run on x86s. It turns out that there are cases where executable programs are needed on the stack; this includes signal handling and trampoline handling. Trampolines are exotic constructs sometimes generated by compilers (such as the GNAT Ada compiler) to support constructs like nested subroutines. Solar Designer also figured out how to make these special cases work while preventing attacks. 3. Other approaches There are many other approaches. One approach is to make standard library routines more resistant to attack. Lucent Technologies developed Libsafe, a wrapper of several standard C library functions like strcpy() known to be vulnerable to stack-smashing attacks. Libsafe is open source software licensed under the LGPL. The libsafe versions of those functions check to make sure that array overwrites cant exceed the stack frame. However, this approach only protects those specific functions, not stack overflow vulnerabilities in general, and it only protects the stack, not local values in the stack. Their original implementation uses LD_PRELOAD, which can conflict with other programs. (d) ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow: Preventing Buffer Overflows Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are the result of poor input validation: they enable an attacker to run his input as code in the victim. Even when care has been taken to validate all inputs, bugs might slip through and make the application insecure. This article presents the various options available to protect against buffer overflows. These methods either check for insecure function calls statically, look for overflow during runtime dynamically or prevent execution of code on the stack. Non-executable stack: In this method the stack is configured not to hold any executable code. Kernel patches are available for both Linux and Solaris for configuring a non-executable stack. Data execution prevention in Windows XP and 2003 also protect the stack against buffer overflow. This method protects against stack-based buffer overflow attacks. Static Analysis: In static analysis the source code is parsed for dangerous library calls and race conditions to detect potential buffer overflows. Functions like strcpy and sprintf are vulnerable to buffer overflows, so source code scanners are used to look for incorrect use of these functions. RATS and SPLINT are two such tools; however static analysis is riddled with false positives. Dynamic runtime protection: Buffer overflow conditions are detected during the actual running of the program in this method, and an attack thwarted. Different techniques of dynamic runtime analysis are: Canary: When a function call is made, a canary is added to the return address; if a buffer overflow occurs, the canary will be corrupted. So, before returning to the parent function, the canary is checked again to see if it has been modified. Stack Guard uses this technique by implementing it as a patch to the GCC complier; this causes minimum performance delays. Free BSD also has a patch available to do this. Copying Return Address: In this method, the return address is saved separately; so even when a buffer overflow exploit overwrites the return address on the stack, it is set back to the original value when the function returns.